4.4 Priorities For Regeneration Flashcards
What is Myrdel’s Model of Cumulative Causation (MMCC)
A positive multiplier effect starting with new industry or the expansion of a firm
- creates jobs for highly skilled workers
- they move in increasing demand for services
- their quality improves so more people with higher salaries move in
- income from taxes allows growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors
- more businesses move in and more innovation occurs
- clustering and agglomeration take place
What is clustering and agglomeration
Clustering - similar industries (eg competitors) move into the area
Agglomeration - related industries (that may rely on each other eg suppliers) move into the area
What defines a successful area
- high levels or employment and income
- high levels of inward migration
- low levels of deprivation
What is vertical intergration
Refers to companies ability to control stages of production and distribution of its products and services
- owning aspects of the supply chain allows cheaper production and higher quality
- not common in tech industries
What is horizontal integration
Refers to a company expanding operations by merging with or taking over another company in the same industry
- gain competitive advantage
- increased market share
- common in places like Silicon Valley
Why has San Francisco grown
- rail links and airports make it easily accessible
- good unis (Stanford, Berkeley, etc) allows highly qualified workers many employment opportunities
- Stanford industrial park
- cumulative causation
- tech ecosystem (Silicon Valley) home to Google, Netflix, Facebook
- top of global start up ecosystem ranking
How is San Francisco succucessful
- low unemployment rate of 3%
- average income of top 1% is $3.6 million
- 190,000 immigrants gain long term work there annually
- GDP of $180 per annum
What are the costs of success
- increased housing demand and pricing
- increased crime
- inequality
Cost of success in San Francisco
- average house price of $1.25 million
- housing supply can’t keep up with inward migration leading to homelessness
- nearly 40,000 people are homeless
- ## less use of public transport due to wealth impacts climate
Why does decline happen in urban areas
Deindustrialisation
- skilled locals have to leave the area to find work
- leaves unskilled workers and elderly
- high unemployment rates
Why does decline happen in rural areas
Decline in primary sector due to mechanisation
- young people move to urban areas for work
- leaves elderly, aging population
- services decline due to less demand
What defines an unsuccessful region
- high deprivation levels
- low employment rates
- low income
- high rates of outward migration
Why is Teeside (urban) unsuccessful
- unemployment is twice the national average
- average house price in 2015 was three times less than national average
- one third of school require improvement according to ofsted
Why is Redcar (rural) unsuccessful
- SSI Steelworks closed
- over 3000 jobs were lost in the plant and supply chain
- loss of activity on high street - described as a ghost town
- high location quotient (highly concentrated industry)
- took 7 years to demolish the abandoned plant due to high cost meaning chemicals could get into the local ecosystem
What is Cloke’s Theory of Rurality and what are the stages
Urban to rural is a continuum
- extreme rural
- intermediate rural
- intermediate non-rural
- extreme non-rural
How do the intermediate areas on Cloke’s Theory of Rurality grow
Intermediate rural - counter-urbanisation
Intermediate non-rural - suburbansitation
What is a sink estate and name an example
Council housing estate that house the lowest income people
Eg Barracks in Glasgow
What are the issues in sinks estates
- high crime rates
- high unemployment rates
- litter, vandalism, abandoned buildings
- anti establishment views (lack of trust/hostility towards institutions and governments)
- more likely to have mental health issues
What are the advantages of regenerating sink estates
- improved services can help to break inter generational poverty cycle
- improved housing quality can improve general health
What are the disadvantages of regenerating sink estates
- hard to gain trust due to anti establishment views
- hard to break intergenerational poverty cycle
- very expensive
- likely to have little impact on the community
What is a declining rural settlement and name an example
Usually ex mining and manufacturing towns
Eg Redcar and Teesside
What are the issues in declining rural settlements
- poor services due to lack of funding
- high unemployment rates
- abandoned buildings (factories dealing with chemicals)
- poor eduction services
- anti-school subcultures
What are the advantages of regenerating declining rural settlements
- brings employment opportunities to the area
- improving transport links can allow gentrification through commuters
What are the disadvantages of regenerating declining rural settlements
- gentrification can out price locals and force them to move
- they have lower populations so may be less impactful
What is a gated communtiy and name an example
Wealthy residential areas fenced off by security gates and entry systems
Eg St George’s, Weybridge
What are the issues in gated communities
- wealth leads to overconsumption leading to more waste
- pollution and high carbon output
What are the advantages of regenerating gated communities
- improved transport makes the more area more accessible to outsiders
What are the disadvantages of regenerating
- least needy
- investing into public services may be wasted as residents use private ones
What is a commuter villages and name an example
A town where the majority of the population don’t work locally
Eg St Ives, Cambridgeshire (25% work in London)
What are the issues in commuter villages
- aging population as workers chose not to have families
- majority of spending is in city leading to it becoming a dormant city
- little investment locally leads to poor services
- more traffic and pollution
What are the advantages of regenerating commuter villages
- may attract tourism leading to more funding to local businesses and services
What are the disadvantages of regenerating commuter villages
- most of the population spend their time in the city so money will go towards unused services
- will increase house prices and outprice locals
- urban sprawl requires work on greenfield sites leading to pollution and deforestation
