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G4. Regeneration > 4.4 Priorities For Regeneration > Flashcards

4.4 Priorities For Regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

What is Myrdel’s Model of Cumulative Causation (MMCC)

A

A positive multiplier effect starting with new industry or the expansion of a firm
- creates jobs for highly skilled workers
- they move in increasing demand for services
- their quality improves so more people with higher salaries move in
- income from taxes allows growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors
- more businesses move in and more innovation occurs
- clustering and agglomeration take place

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2
Q

What is clustering and agglomeration

A

Clustering - similar industries (eg competitors) move into the area

Agglomeration - related industries (that may rely on each other eg suppliers) move into the area

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3
Q

What defines a successful area

A
  • high levels or employment and income
  • high levels of inward migration
  • low levels of deprivation
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4
Q

What is vertical intergration

A

Refers to companies ability to control stages of production and distribution of its products and services
- owning aspects of the supply chain allows cheaper production and higher quality
- not common in tech industries

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5
Q

What is horizontal integration

A

Refers to a company expanding operations by merging with or taking over another company in the same industry
- gain competitive advantage
- increased market share
- common in places like Silicon Valley

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6
Q

Why has San Francisco grown

A
  • rail links and airports make it easily accessible
  • good unis (Stanford, Berkeley, etc) allows highly qualified workers many employment opportunities
  • Stanford industrial park
  • cumulative causation
  • tech ecosystem (Silicon Valley) home to Google, Netflix, Facebook
  • top of global start up ecosystem ranking
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7
Q

How is San Francisco succucessful

A
  • low unemployment rate of 3%
  • average income of top 1% is $3.6 million
  • 190,000 immigrants gain long term work there annually
  • GDP of $180 per annum
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8
Q

What are the costs of success

A
  • increased housing demand and pricing
  • increased crime
  • inequality
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9
Q

Cost of success in San Francisco

A
  • average house price of $1.25 million
  • housing supply can’t keep up with inward migration leading to homelessness
  • nearly 40,000 people are homeless
  • ## less use of public transport due to wealth impacts climate
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10
Q

Why does decline happen in urban areas

A

Deindustrialisation
- skilled locals have to leave the area to find work
- leaves unskilled workers and elderly
- high unemployment rates

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11
Q

Why does decline happen in rural areas

A

Decline in primary sector due to mechanisation
- young people move to urban areas for work
- leaves elderly, aging population
- services decline due to less demand

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12
Q

What defines an unsuccessful region

A
  • high deprivation levels
  • low employment rates
  • low income
  • high rates of outward migration
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13
Q

Why is Teeside (urban) unsuccessful

A
  • unemployment is twice the national average
  • average house price in 2015 was three times less than national average
  • one third of school require improvement according to ofsted
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14
Q

Why is Redcar (rural) unsuccessful

A
  • SSI Steelworks closed
  • over 3000 jobs were lost in the plant and supply chain
  • loss of activity on high street - described as a ghost town
  • high location quotient (highly concentrated industry)
  • took 7 years to demolish the abandoned plant due to high cost meaning chemicals could get into the local ecosystem
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15
Q

What is Cloke’s Theory of Rurality and what are the stages

A

Urban to rural is a continuum
- extreme rural
- intermediate rural
- intermediate non-rural
- extreme non-rural

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16
Q

How do the intermediate areas on Cloke’s Theory of Rurality grow

A

Intermediate rural - counter-urbanisation

Intermediate non-rural - suburbansitation

17
Q

What is a sink estate and name an example

A

Council housing estate that house the lowest income people
Eg Barracks in Glasgow

18
Q

What are the issues in sinks estates

A
  • high crime rates
  • high unemployment rates
  • litter, vandalism, abandoned buildings
  • anti establishment views (lack of trust/hostility towards institutions and governments)
  • more likely to have mental health issues
19
Q

What are the advantages of regenerating sink estates

A
  • improved services can help to break inter generational poverty cycle
  • improved housing quality can improve general health
20
Q

What are the disadvantages of regenerating sink estates

A
  • hard to gain trust due to anti establishment views
  • hard to break intergenerational poverty cycle
  • very expensive
  • likely to have little impact on the community
21
Q

What is a declining rural settlement and name an example

A

Usually ex mining and manufacturing towns
Eg Redcar and Teesside

22
Q

What are the issues in declining rural settlements

A
  • poor services due to lack of funding
  • high unemployment rates
  • abandoned buildings (factories dealing with chemicals)
  • poor eduction services
  • anti-school subcultures
23
Q

What are the advantages of regenerating declining rural settlements

A
  • brings employment opportunities to the area
  • improving transport links can allow gentrification through commuters
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of regenerating declining rural settlements

A
  • gentrification can out price locals and force them to move
  • they have lower populations so may be less impactful
25
Q

What is a gated communtiy and name an example

A

Wealthy residential areas fenced off by security gates and entry systems
Eg St George’s, Weybridge

26
Q

What are the issues in gated communities

A
  • wealth leads to overconsumption leading to more waste
  • pollution and high carbon output
27
Q

What are the advantages of regenerating gated communities

A
  • improved transport makes the more area more accessible to outsiders
28
Q

What are the disadvantages of regenerating

A
  • least needy
  • investing into public services may be wasted as residents use private ones
29
Q

What is a commuter villages and name an example

A

A town where the majority of the population don’t work locally
Eg St Ives, Cambridgeshire (25% work in London)

30
Q

What are the issues in commuter villages

A
  • aging population as workers chose not to have families
  • majority of spending is in city leading to it becoming a dormant city
  • little investment locally leads to poor services
  • more traffic and pollution
31
Q

What are the advantages of regenerating commuter villages

A
  • may attract tourism leading to more funding to local businesses and services
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of regenerating commuter villages

A
  • most of the population spend their time in the city so money will go towards unused services
  • will increase house prices and outprice locals
  • urban sprawl requires work on greenfield sites leading to pollution and deforestation

G4. Regeneration (13 decks)

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