4.12 Rural Stakeholders & Success Flashcards
Why was there a need for regeneration in Kielder Forest
- the area had a lack of industry so there were little opportunities for employment leading to deprivation - due to mechanisation
- depopulation
- services were sparse
- neighbouring areas affected by deindustialistaion (eg Sheffield) didn’t have the disposable income to visit the forest
Who were the stakeholders involved in the Kielder forest regeneration
- 200 poeple employed in timber harvesting or relating industries
- private/business investors
- Kielder Water / Forest Park Development Trust - engaged local community and updated members
- volunteers
- local and national government - planned to raise £40million of funding over the next ten years
- energy companies looking to build HEP plant
What conflict occurred between stakeholders in the Kielder forest regeneration
- preservation societies didn’t want local environment to be destroyed by the HEP plan
- government and private investors supported HEP plan as it would diversify the economy and create employment for locals
- residents were unhappy about loss of land/housing and noise pollution from construction of the manmade lake
What were the economic impacts of the Kielder forest regeneration
- the HEP plant is Europe’s largest showing how the industry is diverse
- if tourism is lost (eg in COVID) they still have income from the energy
- creates many jobs eg 1500 engineers
- manmade lake cost £167million
What were the social impacts of the Kielder forest regeneration
- leisure activities are successful - water sports, lakeside/forest activities
- attracts families, young people and sportspeople
- attracts 300,000 people annually
What were the environmental impacts of the Kielder forest regeneration
- HEP plant is a clean energy source so doesn’t contribute to climate change
- HEP plant generates 12MW from 4 turbines annually
- manmade lake has flooded woodland
- rare wildlife attracts tourists eg 11 offsprey chicks
- large numbers of trees are felled for timber but are replanted
- home to 50% of England’s red squirrels
How was Kielder forest rebranded
- utilises it’s environment to attract a wide range of tourists
- UK’s largest forest
- moved rank from extreme rural to intermediate non-rural
How was the Kielder forest regeneration successful
Economic
- employs around 200 local people
- attracts 300,000 people in tourism annually - contribute £700million to the local economy
- recognised as the best tourism experience in the country
- investment increased due to HEP plant
- tax revenue increased - improved local services
- increased dependency on Kielder as a major energy source
- observatory attracts astro-tourism
Social
- received a £500,000 government grant for a four year programme to rebuild the community eg improved services, leisure activities and QOL
- voted most tranquil place in England by Protect Rural England campaign
- maintained innate nature that locals moved there for to satisfy resident stakeholders
Environmental impacts
- offsprey breeding increases biodiversity with endangered species - 42 chicks born there since 2009
- reduced CO2 emissions due to HEP plant
How was the Kielder forest regeneration unsuccessful
Environmental impacts
- HEP plant disrupts aquatic migration and can destroy marine habitats as well as land ones due to flooding
- tourism increased air pollution and litter
Why was there a need for regeneration in Balmedie
- farming area
- oil industry
Who were the stakeholders involved in the Balmedie regeneration
- local residents
- local farmers eg Michael Forbes
- Donald Trump
- local council
- Scottish government
What conflict occurred between stakeholders in the Balmedie regeneration
- majority of local stakeholders were opposed
- local environmental group ‘Tripping Up Trump’ and local government oppose plans as they intrude on greenbelt land
- Scottish Natural Heritage oppose destruction of sand dunes
- Michael Forbes refused to sell land to Trump despite being offered nearly £500,000
- other locals received compulsory purchase orders
- closed of public routes despite Scotland’s right to roam
- Scottish government override local council allowing the plans to go ahead
- Trump rejects wind turbines and threatened to withdraw further investment
What were the economic impacts of the regeneration in Balmedie
- Trump promised to invest. £1billion into area and golf course
- plans to build 1,500 houses
- create 1,200 jobs
- ended up being large amounts of money (multiple million) of operating and tax losses
What were the social impacts of the Balmedie regeneration
- sense of community lost as locals were forced to move
- loss of trust in national government / adoption of anti-establishment views
What were the environmental impacts of Balmedie regeneration
- lost SSSI status
- destruction of bird habitats
- destruction of 4000 year old sand dunes
- intruded on greenbelt land
- majority of golf club members travel in from abroad (CO2 emissions)
- offshore wind turbines allow some carbon off setting
