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Intro To Biology > 4.6 Protists and Fungi > Flashcards

4.6 Protists and Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Categorization of eukaryotes

A
  • Excavata
  • Stramenopiles
  • Alveolata
  • Rhizaria
  • Amoebozoa
  • Archaeplastida
  • Opisthokonta
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2
Q

Excavata types

A

Diplomonads, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoa

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3
Q

Diplomonads

A

Posses mitochondrial genes in the cell nucleus as well as mitosomes

Anaerobic and acquire energy through glycolysis or other pathways

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4
Q

Giardia

A

Diplomonad intestinal parasite that is non-life-threatening and causes diarrhea

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5
Q

Mitosomes

A

Diplomonad intestinal parasite that is non-life-threatening and causes diarrhea

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6
Q

Parabasalids

A

Very large Golgi apparatus and associated cytoskeletal elements form a parabasal body

Contain highly modified mitochondria

Anaerobic

Produce hydrogen gas as a metabolic byproduct

Some colonize guts of ruminant animals and termites since they can digest cellulose

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7
Q

Trichomonas

A

Causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease that causes vaginitis in females but is asymptomatic in males

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8
Q

Euglenozoans

A

Two major groups: euglenids and kinetoplastids

Include autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites

Stiff pellicle cell membrane consists of microtubules that spiral around cell and connect to cytoskeleton

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9
Q

Euglenids

A

Type of Euglenozoan containing chloroplasts derived from secondary endosymbiosis

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10
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Type of Euglenozoan containing kinetoplast consisting of large piece of DNA inside mitochondrion

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11
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Type of kinetoplastid transmitted by tsetse flies that causes African sleeping sickness

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12
Q

Leishmania

A

Type of kinetoplastid transmitted by sandflies that causes leishmaniasis

Cutaneous infection causes skin sores while visceral infection affects internal organs

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13
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

“brain-eating amoeba”

Closely related to euglenozoans

Responsible for amoebic meningoencephalitis

Not a true amoeba but is an excavate with amoeboid and flagellate life stages

Lives in warm freshwater, typically ponds, lakes or reservoirs

Can infect humans by entering through the nose before migrating into the brain

Initially produces symptoms similar to meningitis but has a 95% fatality rate

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14
Q

Stramenopiles

A

Include brown algae, yellow algae, and diatoms

Heterokonts: flagella face different directions

Have two flagella, one short and smooth and one long and hairy

Some are photosynthetic with chloroplasts derived from red algae

Some are heterotrophic

Include slime nets and oomycetes which are plant pathogens

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15
Q

Alveolata

A

Groups: Apicomplexans, Dinoflagellates, Ciliates

Characterized by presence of alveoli which are membrane-bound sacs located beneath the cell membrane

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16
Q

Apicomplexans

A

Endoparasites containing an apical complex at one end of the cell consisting of a cluster of microtubules, vacuoles, and fibrin

Apical complex only present during certain stages of the life cycle and aids in the penetration and infection of a host

Include genera Plasmodium and Toxoplasma

Meiotic divisions occur after fertilization

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17
Q

Plasmodium

A

Type of apicomplexan

Transmitted by mosquitoes and causes malaria

Responsible for about half a million deaths per year

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18
Q

Toxoplasma

A

Type of apicomplexan

Prenatal infection can cause severe birth defects

Reason why pregnant women must avoid raw meat and cat litterboxes

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19
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Posses two flagella oriented perpendicular to each other causing the entire organism to spin when moving

Many are photosynthetic and important primary producers in aquatic systems as a component of plankton

Some are bioluminescent

Blooms can produce a damaging “red tide” of chemicals poisonous to animals

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20
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

Type of dinoflagellate that form mutualism with stony corals

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21
Q

Ciliates

A

Posses rows of short cilia that form an undulating membrane used to create a current to ingest food into an oral groove

Contain two nuclei, one small micronucleus and one large macronucleus

Macronucleus functions in sexual reproduction

Macronucleus controls binary fission and non-reproductive functions such as metabolism

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22
Q

Rhizaria

A

Foraminifera and Radiolaria

Mostly marine amoebas with many long, slender pseudopods

Many produce tests

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23
Q

Pseudopod

A

Temporary extension of the cell that many microorganisms use to move or feed

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24
Q

Foraminifera

A

AKA forams

Produce multichambered tests from calcium carbonate and other materials

Some farm photosynthetic algae that harbor the tests

Use pseudopods to move, find food and find material to build tests

Very sensitive to changes in temperature making them useful indicator species of past and present climatic conditions

Sediments of dead forams form limestone or chalk after millions of years

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25
Q

Radiolarians

A

Create intricate glassy tests from silica

Capture prey using sticky axopodia

Component of plankton, sometimes living in colonial groups collecting symbiotic algae

Sediment of dead radiolarians decay and lithify over millions of years forming chert

26
Q

Axopodia

A

Special type of pseudopod composed of an outer layer of cytoplasm supported by an inner core of cross-linked microtubules

27
Q

Amoebozoa

A

Includes naked and testate amoebas

A few have large, multinucleated cells and some have multicellular stages

Move by extending their slender pseudopods and shifting their cytoplasm in the direction of movement.

Include slime molds, which share many similarities to fungi due to convergent evolution

Some alternate between haploid and diploid stages

28
Q

Acanthamoeba

A

Amoebozoa found on unsanitized contact lenses that seriously damages the cornea of the eye

29
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Arose from heterotrophic protist ancestor that acquired a chloroplast from an endosymbiotic event with a cyanobacterium

Includes glaucophytes, red algae, green algae, byrophytes, and vascular plants

Can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

Life cycles range from simple to complex

30
Q

Glaucophytes

A

Small group of freshwater algae whose chloroplasts contain a layer of peptidoglycan

31
Q

Rhodophytes

A

AKA red algae

Typically multicellular and along with two other subgroups of heterokonts and green algae, are considered seaweed or kelp

Photosynthetic

Get their name from red accessory pigments that cover up their green chloroplasts

32
Q

Green algae

A

Divided into chlorophytes and charophytes

Closely related to land plants

33
Q

Volvox

A

Chlorophyte that is a colonial organism

Exhibits cell specialization with only a few cells reproducing to create daughter cells

34
Q

Ulva

A

AKA sea lettuce, a multicellular chlorophyte

35
Q

Opisthokonta

A

Categorized by their single flagellum and flattened mitochondrial cristae

Includes unicellular protists including nucleariid amoebas, microsporidians, fungi, choanoflagellates, and animals (Metazoa)

36
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Food particle is engulfed by a cell via a phagosome which then fuses with a lysosome to digest the food using hydrolytic enzymes

37
Q

Phagosome

A

Food vacuole formed by pinching off a small amount of plasma membrane

38
Q

Saprobes

A

Organisms that feed on dead organisms or organic waste products

39
Q

Schizogony

A

Multiple fission that involves several nuclear divisions before the cells divide and can lead to the production of spores or sporozoites

40
Q

Protists that can produce gametes through meosis

A

Ciliates, some flagellates, and amoebas

41
Q

Conjugation (protists)

A

Two different mating types join by a cytoplasmic bridge

Diploid micronuclei undergo meiosis producing four daughter nuclei, three of which degrade, and then mitosis

Each cell transfers one of the two resulting nuclei to the other cell

The original macronucleus disintegrates, and the micronucleus and macronucleus are reconstructed

42
Q

Bleaching

A

Coral losing pigment due to loss on zooxanthellae

43
Q

Phytophthora infestans

A

Water mold that causes potato blight and led to the Irish potato famine which killed about one million people

44
Q

Plasmodium falciparum cycle

A

Sporozoites are transmitted from mosquitos to humans

In the liver, they become schizonts and release merozoites that infect red blood cells

Parasites asexually reproduce in red blood cells, some undergo sexual reproduction as well

Gametes ingested by a mosquito where they form zygotes

Sporozoites formed in the oocysts burst out and migrate to the salivary gland

45
Q

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

A

Microsporidian that infects the brain and kidneys and may cause neurodegenerative disease

Rare in humans but common in rabbits

Transmitted zoonotically through spores in the urine

46
Q

Neocalllismastigomycetes

A

Fungi that obtained cellulases from bacteria

Can be found in the stomachs of animals including sheep, kangaroos, and elephants

47
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

Named for reproductive structures, basidia, found in gills of their spore-forming fruiting body

48
Q

Ascomycetes

A

Have similar life cycle to basidiomycetes

Many are asexual, including the single-celled yeast

49
Q

Mycelium structure

A

Formed by branching hyphae

Hyphae form long chains

Individual hyphae are separated by porous cross-walls called septa

Septa allow the continuous flow of cytoplasm between cells

50
Q

Coenocytic hyphae

A

Not separated by septa

Form large, multinucleated cells

Found in bread molds

51
Q

Stages of sexual reproduction in fungi

A

Plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis

1n –> 2n –> 1n

52
Q

Plasmogamy

A

Stage of fungal sexual reproduction

Process of two cells fusing to bring together two haploid nuclei, producing a dikaryote

Can be very long for basidiomycetes, forming secondary mycelium and the basidiocarp

Some fungi use gametangia

Some have no gametangia and fuse hyphae to exchange nuclei

53
Q

Karyogamy

A

Process of two haploid nuclei fusing to form a diploid nucleus

54
Q

Gametangia

A

Sex organs in fungi that produce and release gametes or fuse to bring haploid nuclei together

55
Q

Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes

A

Occurs within asci formed by the fusion of an ascogonium and antheridium

The nuclei in a dikaryotic ascus fuse, forming a diploid zygote

Zygote undergoes meiosis, mitosis, and cell division to form ascospores

Conidiophores release asexual spores called conidia

56
Q

Ascocarp

A

Fruiting body of ascomycetes formed by the fusion of an ascogonium and antheridium

57
Q

Conidiophores

A

Modified hyphae that release conidia

58
Q

Sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes

A

Occurs withing the basidia on the basidiocarp

Mycelia of two different mating types come together to form a dikaryotic secondary mycelium

The secondary mycelium goes through mitosis and forms the basidiocarp and basidia

Nuclei of dikaryotic basidium fuse to form a diploid zygote

Zygote undergoes meiosis and divides to produce basidiospores

59
Q

Lichen

A

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae

60
Q

Dutch elm disease

A

Decimated elm population in North America and Europe

Caused by an ascomycete fungus transmitted by bark beetles

Blocks the tree’s xylem, reducing water conduction

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