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Intro To Biology > 2.4 Understanding Cellular Structure And Function > Flashcards

2.4 Understanding Cellular Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

Basis for the study of biology

A

Cells

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First discovered cells in 1665 when observing a cork under a microscope.

Divisions within the cork looked similar to cells, or living spaces, inhabited by monks

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3
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Advanced understanding of cells when in 1674 became the first person to witness a live cell using a microscope

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4
Q

Electron microscopes

A

EMs increase magnification to approx 100,000x the actual size of a sample, making it possible to see the internal structures within a cell

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5
Q

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

A

can be used to see smaller structures such a proteins, lipids, and even atoms but must be nonliving due to prep with strong chemical and physical treatments

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6
Q

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

A

Developed cell theory in 1838

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7
Q

Modern Cell Theory

A
  1. All living organisms are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life
  3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
  4. Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell
  5. All cells have the same basic chemical composition
  6. Energy flow occurs within cells
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8
Q

Four key components of cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytosol
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosomes
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9
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly-like fluid in which intracellular organelles are suspended

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized cellular structures that have specific functions within the cell

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Space within the cell that contains the cytosol and cytoskeleton

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sphere shaped structures in cytoplasm, composed of RNA and protein

Synthesize proteins

Cells that have higher rates of protein synthesis contain more ribosomes

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13
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  1. Don’t have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
  2. Unicellular
  3. Divided into two major domains: Archaea and Bacteria
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14
Q

Pili (pilus)

A

Hair-like appendages found on cell surface of many bacteria

Help bacteria adhere

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15
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid layer of sugar based molecules surrounding most bacteria and archaea (and plnt cells)

Provides structural support and protection from dehydration

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16
Q

Capsule

A

Sugar-containing layer considered part of bacterial cell membrane

AKA slime layer

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17
Q

Nucleoid

A

Irregularly shaped region within prokaryotes that contains ost DNA. Not surrounded by nuclear membrane

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18
Q

Flagellum

A

Microscopic, tail-like appendage found on many bacterial cells, enables movement

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19
Q

Prokaryotic chromosome

A

Single, circular double stranded DNA

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20
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Made of sugars and proteins, cell wall component

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21
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Plasma membrane

Selectively permeable, controls flow of molecules, ions, proteins

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22
Q

Typical prokaryotic cell diameter

A

0.5-1.0 micrometers

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23
Q

Typical range of eukaryotic cell diameter

A

10-100 micrometers

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24
Q

Extremeophiles

A

Organisms capable of thriving in very harsh environments

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25
Q

Key defining features of eukaryotes

A
  1. Membrane-bound nucleus
  2. Membrane-bound organelles
  3. Multiple rod-shaped chromosomes where DNA is stored
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26
Q

Nucleus

A

Highly specialized organelle that serves as the information-processing center, directs cellular activities, and controls DNA transcription and synthesis

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27
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like projections that increase the cell’s surface area

Allows for prolonged contact with fluids such as digested food

28
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and offers extra layer of protection

Barrier for potentially harmful bacteria, enzymes, pathogens

29
Q

Nucloplasm

A

Semi-soft fluid that contains the nucleolus and chromatin

30
Q

Nucleolus

A

Smaller region within the nucleus that produces ribosomes

Once created the ribosomes leave the nucleus

31
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Carries out protein synthesis, transports proteins, molecules, ions across membranes, detoxifies poisons

Includes nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Plasma membrane that folds in on itself within the cell

Composed of sacs and cisternae

33
Q

Cisternae

A

Tubules found in the endoplasmic reticulum

34
Q

Lumen

A

The internal parts of the endoplasmic reticulum, separated from the cytosol

35
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes

Ribosomes release protein products into lumen where they are folded, processed, and transported

36
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Primary function is to manufacture lipids or fats

Can also perform detoxification functions

Stores calcium ions used to contract muscles of cells

Few to no ribosomes

37
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Finishes production of protein and lipid products produced by endoplasmic reticulum and package them into vesicles to send to other regions of the cell

38
Q

Vesicles

A

Tiny, membrane-bound, bubble-like sacs used for transport

39
Q

Cis face

A

Receiving end of Golgi apparatus

40
Q

Trans face

A

The exit side of the Golgi apparatus

41
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce cellular energy by producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Contains its own ribosomes and DNA

Cells that require a lot of energy such as muscle cells have more mitochondria

42
Q

ATP

A

An energy-carrying molecule produced by cellular respiration

43
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Process of making ATP from oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients

Produces carbon dioxide as waste

44
Q

Cristae

A

Inner membrane layer of the mitochondria

45
Q

Lysosomes

A

Filled with enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and old organelles into products such as amino acids and peptides

46
Q

Autophagy

A

Process of recycling the cell material

47
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Break down lipids and fats

Made from endoplasmic reticulum and important in detoxifying harmful substances and remove free radicals

48
Q

Proteosomes

A

Protein enzymes that break down damage or unused proteins

49
Q

Free radicals

A

Normal products of cellular metabolism but can be harmful to cell in large quantities

50
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane-surrounded sacs located in the cytoplasm that can bond to other membranes and move cell material such as ribosomes or amino acids

51
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane-surrounded sacs located in the cytoplasm that never fuse to other membranes

Store molecules before they’re released from the cell

Can swell and take up to 90% of the cytoplasm in plant cells

52
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of releasing molecules from the cell

53
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process of bringing molecules into the cell

54
Q

Typical size of animal cell

A

10-30 micrometers

55
Q

Typical size of plant cell

A

10-100 micrometers

56
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Absorb sunlight which is converted into sugars through photosynthesis

57
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Absorbs sunlight

Gives plants their green color

58
Q

Thylakoids

A

Interconnected sacs that make up the inner membrane of chloroplasts

59
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids

60
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid surrounding grana

Contains ribosomes and chloroplast DNA

61
Q

Plastids

A

Family of related organelles that include chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts

62
Q

Amyloplasts

A

Usually store and synthesize starch in the roots which can then be converted to glucose and used for energy

63
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Store the pigments that give fruits and vegetables their colors

64
Q

Cell wall thickness

A

0.10-10 micrometers thick

65
Q

Types of eukaryotic organisms

A

Protists, fungi, plants, animals

Intro To Biology (21 decks)

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