Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro To Biology > 2.9 Cell Growth And Division > Flashcards

2.9 Cell Growth And Division Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell growth

A

The process by which cells grow in size
OR
The process by which cell reproduce to increase in number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gamete

A

A type of sex cell that has half of the normal DNA found in a somatic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Somatic cell

A

Body cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fertilization

A

Combining of two gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Zygote

A

Result of fertilization, develops into an embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Requires two parent organisms or cells. Offspring not identical to parent cells but shares characteristics with each.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Does not require two parent organisms or cells. Offspring genetically identical to parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Binary fission

A

Single parent cell double its existing DNA, replicates its internal structures, and divides into two cells. Common in bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Budding

A

Occurs when a small growth found on a parent organism splits off and continues growing on its own. Common in yeast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fragmentation

A

Occurs when an existing organism breaks into two or more fragments, which develop into new individuals. Common in plants and some marine animals such as coral, sponges, and sea stars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Occurs when an embryo develops from an unfertilized cell. Common in fish, amphibians, and reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parent cell

A

The original cell that divides during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Daughter cell

A

Two are produced by the parent cell during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of events that lead to the duplication of the DNA in the cell and subsequent division of the DNA and the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that results in four genetically distinct cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

Involved in sexual reproduction only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in two cells that are genetically identical and have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Primarily involved in the growth and maintenance of organism systems and asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chromosome

A

Consists of two identical chromatids called sister chromatids bound together by a centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interphase (S) stage

A

The time when the cell isn’t dividing but may be growing and replicating DNA

Has three phases including
- G1 phase (first gap)
- S phase (synthesis of DNA)
- G2 phase (second gap)

Precedes mitotic (M) phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mitotic (M) phase

A

Relatively short phase that includes
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prophase

A

Step 1 of the Mitotic phase

The cell has no nuclear envelope and prepares to divide by tightly condensing its chromosomes which pair up

  • spindle fibers emerge and chromosomes condense, becoming visible
  • the nucleolus disappears
  • the nuclear envelope breaks down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metaphase

A

Step 2 of the mitotic phase

Cell begins to elongate and chromosomes line up along the center of the cell

  • mitotic spindle fully developed and centrosomes form at opposite poles of the cell
  • chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
  • sister chromatids attach to the spindle fiber
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anaphase

A

Step 3 of the mitotic phase

Cell continues to elongate and the chromosomes are pulled apart

  • sister chromatids break down
  • chromosomes (formerly sister chromatids) move toward poles of the cell
  • a cleavage furrow starts to appear
23
Q

Telophase

A

Step 4 of the mitotic phase

Cell develops a nuclear envelope and begins to pinch in the middle

  • chromosomes start to form a normal, jumbled arrangement
  • a nuclear envelope surrounds the chromosomes
  • the mitotic spindle breaks down
24
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell accumulates the building blocks necessary to duplicate the chromosomes

25
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication occurs and sister chromatids are created. They are held together by two centrosomes to make a mitotic bundle that facilitates chromosome movement

26
Q

G2 phase

A

Cell accumulates necessary materials for the movement of chromosomes, duplicating important organelles. In this phase the cell may grow.

27
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell to form two new cells. Starts in anaphase and ends shortly after telophase.

28
Q

Diploid

A

Cell that has two sets of chromosomes

29
Q

Haploid

A

Cell with a single set of chromosomes

30
Q

Meiosis I

A

Number of chromosomes is halved

Consists of
- prophase I
- metaphase I
- anaphase I
- telophase I

31
Q

Meiosis II

A

Generates two more haploid cells from duplicated sister chromatids present in the daughter cells of meiosis I

32
Q

Interphase I

A

Occurs before Meiosis I

Very similar to interphase that precedes mitosis

33
Q

Synapsis

A

Homologous counterparts line up next to each other along the full length of the chromatids

34
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during synapsis

35
Q

Synapse

A

Two homologous chromosomes joined together

36
Q

Chiasma

A

The point at which chromosomes cross over

37
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA developed by crossing over

38
Q

Prophase I

A
  • sister chromatids are formed
  • a synapse forms
  • DNA crosses over during the chiasma
  • recombinant DNA forms
39
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • homologous chromosomes arrange themselves at the metaphase plate randomly; this is another source of genetic variation
  • spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
40
Q

Anaphase I

A

Spindle fibers pull apart the homologous chromosome pairs

41
Q

Telophase I

A
  • the nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes regain their jumbled arrangement
  • a cleavage furrow forms
  • two haploid daughter cells form with one chromosome set
42
Q

Prophase II

A
  • chromosomes condense to reform the x-shapes
  • the nuclear envelope breaks down if it has reformed. Centrosomes move to poles of the cell
  • spindle fibers emerge and attach to sister chromatids
43
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate
  • spindle fibers prepare to pull apart sister chromatids
44
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • sister chromatids are separated
  • a cleavage furrow begins to form
45
Q

Telophase II

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms
  • chromosomes become more jumbled
  • cleavage furrow forms and cytokinesis occurs
  • four haploid cells that are genetically distinct are produced with a single chromatid
46
Q

Checkpoints

A

One mechanism that cells use to minimize the risk of error during the cell cycle

47
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Determines if cell is capable of dividing based on the following factors
- size
- DNA integrity
- nutrient level
- molecular signaling (is the cell receiving positive external support, such as growth hormones)

48
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Ensures that none of the DNA is damaged and that it replicated properly during interphase

Cell cycle is halted to allow for repairs. If irreparable, the cell will undergo apoptosis

49
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

50
Q

M checkpoint

A

Aka spindle checkpoint

Cell assesses whether the spindle fibers are properly attached to the sister chromatids

51
Q

Cell cycle regulators

A

Contribute to the signals that determine whether the cell should proceed past a checkpoint

52
Q

Cyclins

A

Several types of proteins, each associated with a different phase or checkpoint within the cell cycle.

53
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases

A

Will signal that the cell is ready to move on to the next stage of the cell cycle after a cyclin binds to it..

54
Q

Cancer

A

Cell division proceeds in an uncontrolled manner, often due to malfunction of a cell cycle regulator or a checkpoint being ignored

Intro To Biology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions