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Intro To Biology > 2.7 Plant Cells And Energy Production > Flashcards

2.7 Plant Cells And Energy Production Flashcards

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1
Q

Autotrophs

A

Produce food from substances in their external environment such as light to generate ATP

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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Can’t produce their own food and use obtain nutrition form other organisms

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3
Q

Energy carrying molecules used by plants in photosynthesis

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and ATP

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4
Q

ATP structure

A

Ribose with attached adenine and 3 phosphate group

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5
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Ability of plants to convert carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen using sunlight

6CO_2 + 6H_2O —> C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2

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6
Q

RuBisCO

A

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

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7
Q

RuBP

A

Ribulose 1,5bisphosphate

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8
Q

G3P

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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9
Q

Most important determinants on rate of photosynthesis

A
  1. Light-intensity (more=faster until peak)
  2. Amount of carbon dioxide present (more=faster until peak)
  3. Temperature (higher=faster to a point but then rate declines if too hot)
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10
Q

Energy carrying molecules used by plants in cellular respiration

A
  1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  2. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
  3. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
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11
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Process that converts the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 into ATP

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12
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Uses oxygen as a reactant to produce energy

1 glucose + 6O_2 produces 38 ATP, 6CO_2, and 6H_2O

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13
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Turns glucose into energy (ATP or other energy-carrying molecules in the absence of oxygen. Produces lactic acid or ethanol.

AKA fermentation

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14
Q

Primary products of aerobic respiration

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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15
Q

Steps of aerobic cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Kreisler cycle (citric acid cycle)
  4. Electron transport chain
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16
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose undergoes a series of chemical transformations in which it is converted to 2 pyruvate molecules and yields a net of two ATP molecules

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17
Q

Pyruvate

A

Three-carbon molecule that is a product of glycolysis

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18
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Product of Pyruvate being split into a two-carbon molecule and binding to coenzyme A. the carbon that is lost combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide as a waste product.

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19
Q

CoA

A

Coenzyme A

Carries pyruvate to the mitochondria where it is transformed into acetyl CoA to begin the Kerbs cycle

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20
Q

Electron transport chain (in aerobic respiration)

A

High energy electrons are released from NADPH and FADH_2 to generate more ATP. Most of ATP is produced during this stage.

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21
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Makes use of the hydrogen ion (proton) gradient created by the other parts of the electron transport chain to form ATP from ADP and a free phosphate group

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22
Q

Total energy production of aerobic cellular respiration

A

38 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

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23
Q

Role of oxygen in electron transport chain

A

Collects electrons at the end of the chain and combine them with hydrogen ions to make water.

In the absence of oxygen the ETC becomes saturated with e- and backs up the process down to the Krebs cycle

24
Q

Fermentation

A

A form of anaerobic respiration in which energy is extracted through glycolysis

25
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Instead of pyruvate entering Krebs cycle, the e- released by gylcolysis are added to the pyruvate to produce lactic acid.

26
Q

Cell growth

A

The process by which cells grow in size

OR

The process by which cells reproduce to increase in number

27
Q

Gamete

A

A type of sex cell that has half of the normal DNA found in a somatic cell

28
Q

Somatic cell

A

Body cell

29
Q

Fertilization

A

Combining of two gametes

30
Q

Zygote

A

Result of fertilization, develops into an embryo

31
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Requires two parent organisms or cells. Offspring not identical to parent cells but shares characteristics with each

32
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Does not requires two parent organisms or cells. Offspring genetically identical to parent.

33
Q

Binary fission

A

Single parent cell doubles its existing DNA, replicates its internal structures, and divides into two cells. Common in bacteria.

34
Q

Budding

A

Occurs when a small growth found on a parent organism spits off and continues growing on its own. Common in yeast.

35
Q

Fragmentation

A

Occurs when an existing organism breaks into two or more fragments, which develop into new individuals. Common in plants and some marine animals such as coral, sponges, and sea stars.

36
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Occurs when an embryo develops from an unfertilized cell. Common in fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

37
Q

Parent cell

A

The original cell that divides during cell division

38
Q

Daughter cell

A

Two are produced by the parent cell during cell division

39
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of events that lead to the duplication of the DNA in the cell and the subsequent division of that DNA and the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells

40
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that results in four genetically distinct cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Involved in sexual reproduction only

41
Q

Mitosis

A

Cels division that results in two cells that are genetically identical and have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Primarily involved in the growth and maintenance of organism systems and asexual reproduction

42
Q

Chromosome

A

Consists of two identical chromatids called sister chromatids bound together by a centromere

43
Q

Interphase (S) stage

A

The time when the cell isn’t dividing but may be growing and replicating DNA

Has three phases including
- G1 phase (first gap)
- S phase (synthesis of DNA)
- G2 phase (second gap)

Precedes mitotic (M) phase

44
Q

Mitotic (M) phase

A

Relatively short phase that includes
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase

45
Q

Prophase

A

Step 1 of the Mitotic Phase

The cell has no nuclear envelope and prepares to divide by tightly condensing its chromosomes which pair up

  • spindle fibers emerge and chromosomes condense, becoming visible
  • the nucleolus disappears
  • the nuclear envelope breaks down
46
Q

Metaphase

A

Step 2 of the Mitotic Phase

Cell begins to elongate and chromosomes line up along the center of the cell

  • mitotic spindle fully developed and centrosomes form at opposite poles of the cell
  • chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
  • sister chromatids attach to the spindle fiber
47
Q

Anaphase

A

Step 3 of the Mitotic Phase

Cell continues to elongate and the chromosomes are pulled apart

  • sister chromatids break down
  • chromosomes (formerly sister chromatids) move toward poles of the cell
  • a cleavage furrow starts to appear
48
Q

Telophase

A

Step 4 of the Mitotic Phase

Cell develops a nuclear envelope and begins to pinch in the middle

  • chromosomes start to form a normal, jumbled arrangement
  • a nuclear envelope surrounds the chromosomes
  • the mitotic spindle breaks down
49
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell accumulates the building blocks necessary to duplicate the chromosomes

50
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication occurs and sister chromatids are created. They are held together by two centrosomes to make a mitotic bundle that facilitates chromosome movement

51
Q

G2 phase

A

Cell accumulates necessary materials for the movement of chromosomes, duplicating important organelles. In this phase the cell may grow.

52
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell to form two new cells. Starts in anaphase and ends shortly after telophase

53
Q

Diploid

A

Cell that has two sets of chromosomes

54
Q

Haploid

A

Cell with a single set of chromosomes

55
Q

Meiosis I

A

Number of chromosomes is halved

Consists of
- interphase I
- prophase I
- metaphase I
- anaphase I
- telophase I

56
Q

Meiosis II

A

Generates two more haploid daughter cells from duplicated sister chromatids present in the daughter cells of meiosis I

57
Q

Interphase I

A

Occurs before meiosis I

Very similar to interphase the precedes mitosis

Intro To Biology (21 decks)

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