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Intro To Biology > 4.3 Taxonomy and the Diversity of Life > Flashcards

4.3 Taxonomy and the Diversity of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Taxonomy

A

Names and organizes species based on their similarities

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2
Q

Biological systematics

A

Field that incorporates taxonomy, variation among populations, and relationships among organisms over time, to provide insight into evolutionary history of life

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3
Q

Morphology

A

Branch of biology that studies the form of organisms and relationships between their structures

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4
Q

Historical taxa

A

From largest to smallest taxon
- Kingdom
- Phylum (phyla)
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus (genera)
- Species

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5
Q

Recently added taxa

A

Domain (above kingdom)

Superfamily or subspecies (below species)

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6
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Combination of genus and species

Genus names are unique but may be used once in each kingdom

Species epithet can be used once per genus

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7
Q

Species epithet

A

Second word in the scientific name of binomial nomenclature

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7
Q

Biological species concept

A

Developed by Theodorakis Dobzhansky a Russian-American geneticist, and Ernst Mayr, a German evolutionary biologist in separate publications in 1937 and 1942

Species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature

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7
Q

Criticism of biological species concept

A
  • Doesn’t address extinct species
  • no way to identify changes in lineage over time
  • No way of separating a living species from its ancestors
  • Excludes asexually reproducing species
  • Reproductive isolating mechanisms can disappear over time and allow two closely related species to interbreed
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7
Q

Evolutionary species concept

A
  • Doesn’t address extinct species
  • no way to identify changes in lineage over time
  • No way of separating a living species from its ancestors
  • Excludes asexually reproducing species
  • Reproductive isolating mechanisms can disappear over time and allow two closely related species to interbreed
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8
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

Similar to evolutionary species concept but considers two genetically similar populations as different species when they are geographically isolated from one another and each population carries unique morphological differences

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9
Q

Homologous characters

A

Derived from a common ancestor

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10
Q

Homoplastic characters

A

Analogues that evolve independently, usually through convergent evolution due to similar selective pressures

Don’t represent shared ancestry

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11
Q

Clade

A

(Or branch)

Group of species that share a derived character

A group containing a common ancestor and all of its descendants, monopyhyletic group

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12
Q

Derived character

A

Trait that differs from the ancestral state

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13
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Shared, derived characters

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14
Q

Cladogram

A

Used to depict the evolutionary relationships among different species or groups

Lesser derived clades are basal groups of lower taxa placed nearer to root

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15
Q

Sister taxa

A

Neighboring groups, closely related

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16
Q

Outgroup

A

Single species/group that’s related to all the others in the tree but still distinct

Used to determine ancestral character states

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17
Q

Phylogram

A

(Or phylogenic tree) conceptually and visually similar to a cladogram but the lengths of its branches correspond with time

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18
Q

Monophyletic taxon

A

Includes all the members of a group as well as their most recent common ancestor, a clade

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19
Q

Paraphyletic taxon

A

Contains a common ancestor but leaves out some of its descendants

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20
Q

Polyphyletic taxon

A

Doesn’t include the common ancestor to all of its members

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21
Q

Willi Hennig

A

(1913-1976) pushed for the use of cladistics

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22
Q

Cladistics

A

(or phylogenetic systematics) Idea that all recognized taxa should be monophyletic

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23
Q

Traditional taxonomies

A

Continue to accept some paraphyletic groupings as valid taxa on top of monophyletic taxon

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24
Q

Molecular systematics

A

The use of DNA and proteins in the identification and classification of species

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25
Q

DNA barcoding

A

Method of identifying species based on sequence of a standard section of DNA

Mitochondrial gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, frequently used

26
Q

Morphometric studies

A

Constructing phylogenies using morphology

27
Q

Cryptic species

A

Appear identical to one another but are different at a genetic level and unable to breed with each other

28
Q

Autotrophs

A

Produce own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (chemical energy)

29
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Ingest other organisms for their nutrition

30
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

31
Q

Coccus

A

Ball-shaped bacteria

32
Q

Spirillum

A

Spiral-shaped bacteria

33
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

Have thick outer cell wall, mostly made of cross-linked peptidoglycan along with a small amount of lipoteichoic acids that anchor the cell wall to the plasma membrane, stain purple

34
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

Cell wall contains a thinner layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins structurally similar to lipid bilayer of plasma membrane but chemically distinct, stain pink

35
Q

Bacteria phyla

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Proteobacteria
  • Cyanobacteria
  • Spirochetes
  • Gram-positive bacteria
36
Q

Archaea

A

Prokaryotic microorganisms

lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclear envelope

Cell walls lack peptidoglycan, cell membranes have a different structure

Some of their genes have introns

differ in DNA replication and gene expression

known for living in extreme or inhospitable environments

37
Q

Archaea phyla

A
  • euryarchaeota
  • crenarchaeota
  • nanoarchaeota
  • korarchaeota
38
Q

Methanogens

A

Type of euryarchaeota, live in anaerobic conditions

Metabolize hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane gas

39
Q

Halobacteria

A

Type of eurychaeota, live in very salty environments

40
Q

Crenarchaeota

A

Bacteria phylum, includes many thermophiles, some are sulfur-based autotrophs

41
Q

Nanoarchaeota

A

Bacteria phylum, only one identified species Nanoarchaeum equitans

42
Q

Korarchaeota

A

Bacteria phylum, thought to be one of the most primitive types of organisms

43
Q

Traditional eukaryotic kingdoms

A
  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Protists
44
Q

Protista

A

Eukaryotic kingdom, definition debated by scientists

Contains mostly unicellular and less complex eukaryotes

Possess a nucleus and specialized organelles

Paraphyletic, invalid taxon

Historically defined as any eukaryote that isn’t plant, animal, of fungus

Can be autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprotrophic or mixotrophic

Live in wet environments

Can form colonies that have simple division of labor among different cell types

Many can switch between asexual and sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction can be associated with the formation of protective cysts that are resistant to environmental extremes

45
Q

Saprotrophic

A

Acquiring dissolved nutrients from their surroundings

46
Q

Mixotrophic

A

Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic depending on availability of nutrients

47
Q

Protist groups

A
  • Cliliates
  • Flagellates
  • Amoebas
48
Q

Ciliate protisits

A

Move by waving hair-like cilia to propel through water

49
Q

Flagellate protists

A

Move by rotating one or more long flagella

50
Q

Amoeboid protists

A

Move using pseudopods

51
Q

Pseudopods

A

Fingerlike projections of cytoplasm

52
Q

Plantae

A

Eukaryotic kingdom, include red and green algae, bryophytes, and vascular plants

53
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic kingdom, include both unicellular and multicellular organisms

Can reproduce both sexually or asexually

Non-vascular and non-moving

Heterotrophic, typically saprobes/saprophytes

Can break down cellulose or lignin,

Some can even break down jet fuel and useful in bioremediation

Possess cell wall composed of chitin

More closely related to animals than plants

Some posses accessory genomic structure analogous to bacterial plasmids

54
Q

Traditional fungi groups

A
  • Ascomycota (sac fungi)
  • Basidiomycota (club fungi)
  • Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
  • Zygomycota (zygomycetes)

*the last two “lower fungi” are not monophyletic

55
Q

Mycologists

A

Scientists who study fungi

56
Q

Fungi seven monophyletic groups

A

Updated in 2007
- Microsporidia
- Blastocladiomycota
- Neocallimastigomycota
- Chytridiomycota
- Glomeromycota
- Basidiomycota
- Ascomycota

57
Q

Microsporidia

A

Used to be considered protists buy are now understood to be fungi

Group of obligate intracellular parasites of animals, frequently insects

Lack mitochondria but retain mitochondrial genes in genome

Typically only cause disease in immunocompromised individuals.

58
Q

Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Chytridiomycota

A

Fungi previously classified as chytrids

Share ancestral trait of motile, flagellated zoospores

Some have been linked to mass die-offs of amphibians

Some are plant pathogens

59
Q

Glomeromycota

A

Small group of asexual plant symbiont fungi

Form mutualisms with many species of trees and herbaceous plants

Most form arbuscular mycorrhizae

Hyphae associate with plant roots and exchange nutrients

Plants provide fungus with carbon and fungus provides plant with minerals from soil

60
Q

Basidiomycota, Ascomycota

A

Often called the Dikaryka or higher fungi

Contain morels, truffles, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, and shelf fungi

61
Q

Animalia

A

Eukaryotic kingdom, multi-cellular heterotrophs

Except for sponges, animal cells are organized into tissues

Muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and lack of cell walls allow for active movement

Most reproduce sexually

Unique embryonic development, zygote produces a blastula then a gastrula

About 35 recognized animal phyla

Most are invertebrates

62
Q

Chordata

A

Animal phylum

Contains vertebrate animals

About 56,000 species

63
Q

Arthropoda

A

Most diverse animal phylum

Contains more that 1 million species of insects, crustaceans, and arachnids

64
Q

Mollusks

A

Second-most diverse animal phylum, consists of about 110,000 species

65
Q

Micrognathozoa

A

Smallest animal phylum, contains a single species discovered in 1994 on Disko Island in Greenland

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