4.4 Nazi control of education, young people, women and churches Flashcards
What were Nazi aims for children?
- Be obedient
- Idolise the Fuhrer
- Be physically fit
- Sacrifice self for the national good
- Be a strong fighter (boys)
- Bear many children (girls)
What was emphasis placed on in schools?
Healthy bodies and a National Socialist character
What were children expected to do outside of school hours?
Attend Nazi youth groups
In 1936, what percentage of teachers were part of the Nazi Party?
30%
A purge of teachers took place through what law?
Law for the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service
By 1937, how many teachers had joined the Nazi Teacher’s Association
90%
What did teachers have to attend?
Nazi training camps to pass on Nazi values
When were textbooks rewritten?
1933
What did Race Studies focus on?
Aryans being ‘superior’ and Jews being the ‘lowest racial type’
By 1936, how long was spent on PE a day?
2 hours
What did children learn about in history?
The rise of the Nazi Party
What did children learn about in geography?
The German need for Lebensraum
Domestic Science was taught to girls for what reason?
To prepare them for their lives as future mothers and wives
What was the purpose of NAPOLA schools?
Educate boys for future leadership in the Reich
How many NAPOLAs were there by 1939?
39
What were Adolf Hitler Schools?
11 boarding schools for 12-18 year old boys.
Physical, military and political training were the dominant part of the curriculum
Higher education students went from 113,000 in 1933 to what?
57,000 in 1937
Why was there such a reduction in higher education students?
The Nazi downgrading of academic education
What did all lecturers have to join in November 1933?
The Nazi Lecturer’s Association
When was the Hitler Youth formed?
1925
By 1933, how many members did the Hitler Youth have?
55,000
In 1933, the Nazis banned what?
All other youth groups
What was the 1936 Hitler Youth Law?
Young people had to belong to a Nazi youth organisation
How did children spend evenings and weekends at Nazi youth groups?
Learning about Hitler saving Germany
The ‘evils of Communism’
Girls taught crafts
By 1939, how many members were there of the Hitler Youth?
8 million
What was life like for women in Weimar Germany?
- Women were teachers, doctors, and civil servants
- 10% of the Reichstag were women
- The birth rate had fallen during the 1920s
What were Nazi aims for women?
They wanted women to stay at home and have babies
The Nazis emphasised the role of the family as the ‘germ cell of the nation’
What did the 1933 Law for Encouragement of Marriage provide?
Loans for young people to marry but only if women gave up work
Numbers of women entering university were…
Restricted
In 1936, what did the labour shortage mean for women?
The Nazis had to relax the limits on women working.
By 1939, the number of women working was how much higher than in 1933?
50%
How could women get money taken off of their marriage loan?
For each child, it fell by 25%
What does Kinder, Kirche and Kuche mean
Children, kitchen, church
Which group promoted kinder, kirche and kuche?
German Women’s Enterprise
By 1939, how many women had attended household skills courses?
3.5 million
What of medal was given for 5 children?
Bronze
What medal was given for 6 children?
Silver
What medal was given for 8 children?
Gold - it was given by Hitler
True or false: Contraception and abortion were banned
True
Why did divorce become easier?
To boost the birthrate
What did welfare schemes do?
Distribute milk, grocery parcels, baby clothes and linen
What were Harvest Kindergartens?
To look after children while mothers were working in fields
What programme encouraged procreation outside of marriage?
Lebensborn
What was set up under the Lebensborn programme?
Effectively state-run brothels
How many children were born by 1944 as a result of the Lebensborn programme?
11,000
What was the expectation of women?
- Not wearing make up
- Wearing home-produced clothes
- Wearing flat heels
- No smoking
- No drinking
How many members of the Catholic Church were there in 1933?
22 million
Why did the Pope present a challenge to Hitler?
Catholics were loyal to him and listened to him over Hitler
What was the 1933 Concordat?
An agreement that the Church would not get involved in political affairs and the Nazis would allow the Catholic Church to have freedom of worship and run its own youth groups and schools
Why did Hitler need the Catholic Centre Party?
They helped to provide the two-thirds majority that passed the Enabling Act
What happened to Catholic newspapers in 1941?
Censored and propaganda hinted at financial corruption
What did Pope Pius XI issue in 1937?
With Burning Concern - it criticised the Nazis
What was the Nazi reaction to With Burning Concern?
- Membership of the Catholic League was illegal
- State funding for the Church was cut
- Gestapo and SS agents began to spy on Church organisations
- Catholic Church schools were closed
- Catholic priests were arrested
What percentage of the population were members of the Protestant Church?
58% (40m)
Why did The German Christians (Protestant group) pose less of a threat to Hitler?
- Many were nationalists
- Referred to themselves as the SA of the Church
- Combined Nazi symbols with Christian practices and gave Nazi salutes at Church services
When was the Reich Church set up?
1933
Who was made Bishop of the Reich Church?
Ludwig Muller
Who was the Confessional Church led by?
Niemoller and Bonhoeffer
When was the Confessional Church set up?
1934
What happened to members of the Confessional Church?
They were sent to concentration camps
What happened to Bonhoeffer and Niemoller?
Bonhoeffer was hung in 1945 and Niemoller was sent to a concentration camp (he survived the war)
