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Porsche 911 turboS > 4.4 Excretory products and their elimination > Flashcards

4.4 Excretory products and their elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Give the list of ammonotelic animals?

A

bony fish , aquatic animals , aquatic insects

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2
Q

Give the list of ureo telic organims?

A

mammals , marine fish , terretrial amphibians

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3
Q

Give the list of uricotelic organims?

A

reptiles, birds, insecrs , land snails

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4
Q

In which type of animals are the kidney found?

A

in the vertebrates

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5
Q

Where is protonephridia found?

A

flatworms
rotifers
cephalochordate and annelids

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6
Q

Where do we find nephridia?

A

earthworm and other annelids

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7
Q

Where do we find malpighian tubules?

A

insects inculding cockroaches

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8
Q

What is the excetory organs of prawn?

A

antennal gland or green gland

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9
Q

What is the excretory organs of spiders?

A

coxal gland

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10
Q

What is the position of kidney ?

A

T12, C1,C2

C1,2,3

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11
Q

What is the weight of kidney ?

A

120-170 gm

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12
Q

Why is the kidney called retroperitoneal?

A

because it has only one side which is covered with peritoneum

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13
Q

How many medullary pyramids do we have?

A

8-12 pyramids

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14
Q

From which embryonic layer does the kidney derive from?

A

mesoderm

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15
Q

What is it called when the other kdney grows to fll the body demand?

A

compensate hypertrophy

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16
Q

What is the shape of the ureter when it enter the urinary bladder?

A

it enters in an oblique shape

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17
Q

What is the epithelium of the urinary bladder?

A

urotelium , transitional epithelium

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18
Q

What is the of msucles present in the urinary spinchter ?

A

circular muscles

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19
Q

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

A

prostatic part
membranous part
penile urethra

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20
Q

What are the parts of the female urethra?

A

membranous

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21
Q

Where are the spinchter found in females?

A

membranous part

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22
Q

Where is the external spinchter of the male urethra found?

A

in the membranous part

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23
Q

What are the parts of the mapigian body or the renal corpuscles?

A

glomerulus and bowmans capsule

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24
Q

In which type of capillary network is found in the juxta glomerular nephron and cortical nephrons and where are their glomerulus present?

A

j : vasa racta , g prenset in the junciton of medulla and cortex
c : peritublar capillary g: close to the kidney surface

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25
Q

Is vasa recta present in the cortical nephron?

A

either reduced or absent

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26
Q

Which part of the nephron is present in the cortex and medulla of kidney ?

A

cortex :PCT, DCT and malpighian corpuscles

medulla : loop of henle , collecting duct and duct of belini

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27
Q

The cells podocytes occurs in the inner or the outer wall of the bowmans capsule ?

A

the inner side of the bowmans capsule

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28
Q

How much blood is filtered out by kidney in a minute? What fraction of the blood pumped from the heart is ti ?

A

1100-1200 ml of blood

1/5 blood from the heart

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29
Q

What are the three layer of the glomerulus filtrae?

A

endothelium
basement membrane
epithelium of hte bowmans capsule

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30
Q

What is the amount of normal GFR in a min or in a day ?

A

125 ml /min, 180 l in a day

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31
Q

What are the things that are absorbed actively ?

A

glucose , amino acids, Na+

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32
Q

How are the nitrogenous wates absorbed?

A

passive transport

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33
Q

How is water absorbed in the initial segment of the nephron ?

A

passively

34
Q

What are the cells of the JGA?

A

juxta glomerular cells / smooth muscles cells
lacis cells/ mesengial cells
macula densa cells

35
Q

What is the average pH of urine

A

6

36
Q

What is the composition of urine?

A

95% water
2% salt
2.7% urea
0.3 drugs , hippuric acids , uric acid , vit-C , dyes

37
Q

What gives the color of the urine and where is it from?

A

urochrome. from the RBCs

38
Q

What are the ions present in the faeces and urine?

A

urine ( monovalent) Na+ . K+ , HCO3- , H30+

faeces: Ca++, Mg++,CO3 2- , PO4 3- polycharged ion

39
Q

What are the high threshold , athreshold, variable threshold and low threshold susbtance?

A

high threshold : glucose , amino acids

athreshold : insulin , sulphates , hippuric acids , creatinine

var threshold : electrolytes and water

low threshold: urea

40
Q

What is the meaning of diuretic substance and give examples?

A

substance that increases the urine formation

tea, coffee, alcohol

41
Q

What is causes diabetes mllitus and diabetes insupidus?

A

mellitus : glycsuria

insupidus : deficiency of ADH

42
Q

Which blood vessel has the highest and least amount of urea?

A

highest: hepatic vien

least : renal vein

43
Q

What is the meaning of haemoglobulinuria, haematuria and pyuria?

A

haemoglobinuria : presence of haemoglobin in urin
haematuria: presence of blood/RBC in urine
pyuria : prensence of WBC in urine

44
Q

What causes the ion gradient in the pyramids?

A

urea and NaCl

45
Q

Reacall the regulation mechanisms:

RAAS, and ANF and yogenic mechanism?

A

JUST DO IT

46
Q

What is the thirst and drinking center of the brain ?

A

it is hypothalamus

47
Q

What is micturaiton reflwx and what is the amount of urine produced in a day ?

A

it the process of release of urine

1- 1.5 L of urine in a day

48
Q

What are the indicative of diabetes mellitus?

A

ketonuria

glycosuria

49
Q

What are the excretory product of sweat and sebaceaosu gland?

A

NaCl , small amount of urea and lactic acid

sterols , hydrocarbons , waxes

50
Q

What is the nitrogenous waste of the saliva?

A

urea

51
Q

What is the type of membrane used to filter the blood in haemodialysis?

A

cellophane

52
Q

What happnes in glomeruloneohritis?

A

infection or injury in the basment membrane of the glomerulus of kidney

53
Q

What is diabetic nephropathy?

A

diabetes mellitus where the kidney is progressively damages leading ot kidney failure

54
Q

What is the composition of the stone in the kidney and in the gall bladder?

A

kidney : oxalates

gall bladder : cholesterol

55
Q

What is the ecretory product of spider?

A

guanine

56
Q

How much glucose does the glomerular filtrate in comparison to plasma:

1) more
2) same
3) less
4) nil

A

same

57
Q

How does reabsorption of Cl- ions take place?

A

simple diffusion

58
Q

What is the effective filtration pressure in the glomerulus of hte kidney ?

A

10 mm Hg

59
Q

How is hippuric acid , creatine and ketone added to the urine ?

A

glomerular filtration

tubular secretion

60
Q

RAAS secreted which of the following hormones?

A

mineralocarticoid

61
Q

On what does the ADH act on?

A

on the DCT

62
Q

A person who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water , will have ?

1) less urea in his urine
2) sodium in his urine
3) less amino acids in his urine
4) more glucose in his blood

A

1)

63
Q

Uric acid is formed by :

A

DNA and RNA

64
Q

What will be the result of poximal tubule from the nephron will result in :

A

1) more diluted urin

65
Q

///EDIT#1/////

A

////EDIT #1/////

66
Q

What is the type of muscles present in the urinary bladder ?

A

detrouser muscles

67
Q

What duct of belini?

A

it is the duct near the renal papillae

68
Q

What is the type of epithel;ium in the bowmans capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

69
Q

What is the type of epithelium in the neck of the nephron ?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

70
Q

What is the type of epithelium in the PCT?

A

simple cuboidal brush border epithelium

71
Q

What is the type of epithelium in the loop of henle?

A

simple squamous epithelium

72
Q

What is the type of epithelium in the collecting duct of the kidney?

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

73
Q

What are the various blood pressures that helps in filtration of blood?

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure : 60-75 m Hg

Blood Colloidal Osmotic Pressure= 30-32 mm Hg
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure : 10-18

74
Q

From what does the kidney develop from?

A

nephroton plate

75
Q

What derives from teh pronephric kidney ?

A

only tubules no dct and pct

cyclostomata (petromyzon, myzine) ,tadpole

76
Q

What derives from the meso nephric kidney? In which animal do we find it?

A

bowmans capsule
dct
pct

fish and adult amphibian

77
Q

What derives from the metanephric kidney?

A

bowmans capsule
loop of henle
dct
pct

reptile, mammal and aves

78
Q

In which organism does the ornithine cycle take place?

A

mitochondria

79
Q

Is hag fish a osmoregulator ?

A

yes

80
Q

How many ATP is used to make 1 of urea?

A

3 ATP

81
Q

What are the various stages in the ornithine cycle?

A 
carbomoyl Phosphate 
citruline
angiosuccinate  
argenine 
ornithine

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