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Porsche 911 turboS > 4.4 Excretory products and their elimination > Flashcards

4.4 Excretory products and their elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Give the list of ammonotelic animals?

A

bony fish , aquatic animals , aquatic insects

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2
Q

Give the list of ureo telic organims?

A

mammals , marine fish , terretrial amphibians

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3
Q

Give the list of uricotelic organims?

A

reptiles, birds, insecrs , land snails

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4
Q

In which type of animals are the kidney found?

A

in the vertebrates

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5
Q

Where is protonephridia found?

A

flatworms
rotifers
cephalochordate and annelids

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6
Q

Where do we find nephridia?

A

earthworm and other annelids

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7
Q

Where do we find malpighian tubules?

A

insects inculding cockroaches

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8
Q

What is the excetory organs of prawn?

A

antennal gland or green gland

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9
Q

What is the excretory organs of spiders?

A

coxal gland

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10
Q

What is the position of kidney ?

A

T12, C1,C2

C1,2,3

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11
Q

What is the weight of kidney ?

A

120-170 gm

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12
Q

Why is the kidney called retroperitoneal?

A

because it has only one side which is covered with peritoneum

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13
Q

How many medullary pyramids do we have?

A

8-12 pyramids

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14
Q

From which embryonic layer does the kidney derive from?

A

mesoderm

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15
Q

What is it called when the other kdney grows to fll the body demand?

A

compensate hypertrophy

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16
Q

What is the shape of the ureter when it enter the urinary bladder?

A

it enters in an oblique shape

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17
Q

What is the epithelium of the urinary bladder?

A

urotelium , transitional epithelium

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18
Q

What is the of msucles present in the urinary spinchter ?

A

circular muscles

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19
Q

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

A

prostatic part
membranous part
penile urethra

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20
Q

What are the parts of the female urethra?

A

membranous

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21
Q

Where are the spinchter found in females?

A

membranous part

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22
Q

Where is the external spinchter of the male urethra found?

A

in the membranous part

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23
Q

What are the parts of the mapigian body or the renal corpuscles?

A

glomerulus and bowmans capsule

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24
Q

In which type of capillary network is found in the juxta glomerular nephron and cortical nephrons and where are their glomerulus present?

A

j : vasa racta , g prenset in the junciton of medulla and cortex
c : peritublar capillary g: close to the kidney surface

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25
Is vasa recta present in the cortical nephron?
either reduced or absent
26
Which part of the nephron is present in the cortex and medulla of kidney ?
cortex :PCT, DCT and malpighian corpuscles medulla : loop of henle , collecting duct and duct of belini
27
The cells podocytes occurs in the inner or the outer wall of the bowmans capsule ?
the inner side of the bowmans capsule
28
How much blood is filtered out by kidney in a minute? What fraction of the blood pumped from the heart is ti ?
1100-1200 ml of blood | 1/5 blood from the heart
29
What are the three layer of the glomerulus filtrae?
endothelium basement membrane epithelium of hte bowmans capsule
30
What is the amount of normal GFR in a min or in a day ?
125 ml /min, 180 l in a day
31
What are the things that are absorbed actively ?
glucose , amino acids, Na+
32
How are the nitrogenous wates absorbed?
passive transport
33
How is water absorbed in the initial segment of the nephron ?
passively
34
What are the cells of the JGA?
juxta glomerular cells / smooth muscles cells lacis cells/ mesengial cells macula densa cells
35
What is the average pH of urine
6
36
What is the composition of urine?
95% water 2% salt 2.7% urea 0.3 drugs , hippuric acids , uric acid , vit-C , dyes
37
What gives the color of the urine and where is it from?
urochrome. from the RBCs
38
What are the ions present in the faeces and urine?
urine ( monovalent) Na+ . K+ , HCO3- , H30+ faeces: Ca++, Mg++,CO3 2- , PO4 3- polycharged ion
39
What are the high threshold , athreshold, variable threshold and low threshold susbtance?
high threshold : glucose , amino acids athreshold : insulin , sulphates , hippuric acids , creatinine var threshold : electrolytes and water low threshold: urea
40
What is the meaning of diuretic substance and give examples?
substance that increases the urine formation tea, coffee, alcohol
41
What is causes diabetes mllitus and diabetes insupidus?
mellitus : glycsuria | insupidus : deficiency of ADH
42
Which blood vessel has the highest and least amount of urea?
highest: hepatic vien | least : renal vein
43
What is the meaning of haemoglobulinuria, haematuria and pyuria?
haemoglobinuria : presence of haemoglobin in urin haematuria: presence of blood/RBC in urine pyuria : prensence of WBC in urine
44
What causes the ion gradient in the pyramids?
urea and NaCl
45
Reacall the regulation mechanisms: | RAAS, and ANF and yogenic mechanism?
JUST DO IT
46
What is the thirst and drinking center of the brain ?
it is hypothalamus
47
What is micturaiton reflwx and what is the amount of urine produced in a day ?
it the process of release of urine | 1- 1.5 L of urine in a day
48
What are the indicative of diabetes mellitus?
ketonuria | glycosuria
49
What are the excretory product of sweat and sebaceaosu gland?
NaCl , small amount of urea and lactic acid sterols , hydrocarbons , waxes
50
What is the nitrogenous waste of the saliva?
urea
51
What is the type of membrane used to filter the blood in haemodialysis?
cellophane
52
What happnes in glomeruloneohritis?
infection or injury in the basment membrane of the glomerulus of kidney
53
What is diabetic nephropathy?
diabetes mellitus where the kidney is progressively damages leading ot kidney failure
54
What is the composition of the stone in the kidney and in the gall bladder?
kidney : oxalates | gall bladder : cholesterol
55
What is the ecretory product of spider?
guanine
56
How much glucose does the glomerular filtrate in comparison to plasma: 1) more 2) same 3) less 4) nil
same
57
How does reabsorption of Cl- ions take place?
simple diffusion
58
What is the effective filtration pressure in the glomerulus of hte kidney ?
10 mm Hg
59
How is hippuric acid , creatine and ketone added to the urine ?
glomerular filtration | tubular secretion
60
RAAS secreted which of the following hormones?
mineralocarticoid
61
On what does the ADH act on?
on the DCT
62
A person who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water , will have ? 1) less urea in his urine 2) sodium in his urine 3) less amino acids in his urine 4) more glucose in his blood
1)
63
Uric acid is formed by :
DNA and RNA
64
What will be the result of poximal tubule from the nephron will result in :
1) more diluted urin
65
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66
What is the type of muscles present in the urinary bladder ?
detrouser muscles
67
What duct of belini?
it is the duct near the renal papillae
68
What is the type of epithel;ium in the bowmans capsule?
simple squamous epithelium
69
What is the type of epithelium in the neck of the nephron ?
simple cuboidal epithelium
70
What is the type of epithelium in the PCT?
simple cuboidal brush border epithelium
71
What is the type of epithelium in the loop of henle?
simple squamous epithelium
72
What is the type of epithelium in the collecting duct of the kidney?
ciliated cuboidal epithelium
73
What are the various blood pressures that helps in filtration of blood?
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure : 60-75 m Hg Blood Colloidal Osmotic Pressure= 30-32 mm Hg Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure : 10-18
74
From what does the kidney develop from?
nephroton plate
75
What derives from teh pronephric kidney ?
only tubules no dct and pct cyclostomata (petromyzon, myzine) ,tadpole
76
What derives from the meso nephric kidney? In which animal do we find it?
bowmans capsule dct pct fish and adult amphibian
77
What derives from the metanephric kidney?
bowmans capsule loop of henle dct pct reptile, mammal and aves
78
In which organism does the ornithine cycle take place?
mitochondria
79
Is hag fish a osmoregulator ?
yes
80
How many ATP is used to make 1 of urea?
3 ATP
81
What are the various stages in the ornithine cycle?
``` carbomoyl Phosphate citruline angiosuccinate argenine ornithine ```

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