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Porsche 911 turboS > 2.2 Animal Tissue > Flashcards

2.2 Animal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

epithelial
muscular
conective
neural

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2
Q

What are the tissues in the heart?

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
neural

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3
Q

Who coined the word animal tissue?

A

Bichat

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4
Q

Who is the father of histology?

A

Bichat

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5
Q

Who is the founder of microscopic histology?

A

Mercello Malpighi

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6
Q

Where does the epithelial tissue gets its nutrients from?

A

the connective tissue under it

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7
Q

Which types of tissue forms first?

A

epithelial tissue

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8
Q

Name the layer between the connective tissue and the epithelial tissue?

A

basement membrane

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9
Q

What is the basement membrane made up of ?

A

glycoprotein
muco polysaccharide
protein fibres

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10
Q

What are the two layer of the basememnt membrane?

A

basal lamia

fibrous lamina

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11
Q

What are the four types of cell juncitons?

A

tight junctions
adhering junctions
interdigitaiton
gap fucntions

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12
Q

What are the fibres involved in the adhering junctions called?

A

tono fibrils

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13
Q

What are the three modification in the epithelial membrane?

A

microvilli
cilli a
stereocilia

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14
Q

What is the functions of microvili?

A

increase surface absorption and secretion

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15
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

helps in locomotion

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16
Q

What is the function of stereocilia?

A

increase surface area

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17
Q

From which embryonic layer does the epethelium originate from?

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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18
Q

What are the types of simple epithelial tissue?

A

simple squamous
simple compound
simple columnar
pseudostratified

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19
Q

What are the modification of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

brush border cuboidal epithelium

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

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20
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium found ?

A

organs like bronchioles and fallopain tubes

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21
Q

What are the modifications of columnar epithelium?

A 
brush bordered epithelium
glandular epithelium
glandular brush border epithelium
ciliated epithelium 
stereociliated epithelium 
pseudostratified
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22
Q

Where is pseudostratified epithelium found?

A

trachea
bronchi
respiratory epithelium and nasal chambers

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23
Q

Where is stereo ciliated epithelium found?

A

epididymis
vas deferens
macula and crista of ear

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24
Q

Where is ciliated columnar epithelium found?

A

fallopian tubes

ependymal cells

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25
Q

Where is glandular brush broder epithelum found?

A

small intestine ( duodenum, ileum , jejunum)

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26
Q

Where is glandular epithelium found?

A

stomach
colon
rectum

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27
Q

Where is the brush bordered epitehlium found?

A

gall bladder

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28
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

liver
bile
uterus

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29
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelial?

A 
germinal epithelum
follicle of thyroid 
accini of pancrease
retina
secretor sweat gland 
loop of henle 
iris 
choroid and ciliary body 
DCT
pneumocyte
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30
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelial tissue found?

A

bowmans caplsule
aveoli of lungs
mesothelium

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31
Q

Where is brush border cuboidal epithelium?

A

PCT of nephron

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32
Q

Where is ciliated cuboidal epithelium?

A

NECK of nephron

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33
Q

What are the modification of compound epithelial tissue?

A

transitional epithelial / strectchable epithelial

non strechable compound epthelial tissue

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34
Q

What happens to the stretchable epihtelial after it is stretched?

A

the basement membrane vanishes

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35
Q

What types of cell junstion is present in the stretchable epithelium

A

interdigitation

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36
Q

What is the top layer of stretchable epithelium made up of ?

A

cuticle

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37
Q

Where is stretchable epithelium found?

A

renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
Proximal part of male ureter

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38
Q

What are the two types of non stretchable stratified epithelium?

A

keratinized and non keratinized

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39
Q

Where is keratinized se found?

A

skin
horn
feather

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40
Q

Are the cells of keratinized epithelium dead or alive?

A

dead

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41
Q

Where non stretchable squamous non keratinized epitehlium found?

A 
buccal cavity 
pharynx
oesophagus 
anal canal 
vagina 
cornea
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42
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelial found?

A 
duct of salivary gland
mammery gland
pancreatic gland 
sebaceous gland 
pancreatic gland
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43
Q

What are the two types of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

ciliated and non cilitated

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44
Q

Where are non ciliated columnar epithelium found?

A

distal parts of male urethra

epiglottis

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45
Q

Where are stratified cliated columnar epithelium found?

A

larynx and buccopharyngeal cavity

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46
Q

What is the inner most layer of stratified columnar epithelium called?

A

Germinativum

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47
Q

What is hte top layer of stratified squamous epithelium called?

A

stratum cornium

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48
Q

what are the the germinativum of epithelium connected by ?

A

desmosomes

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49
Q

What are glands?

A

a group of cells that secretes something

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50
Q

What is the tissue that make the glands called?

A

epithelial tissue

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51
Q

From which epithelium does the glands originate from?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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52
Q

What are the types of glands on the basis of number of cells?

A

unicellular gands

multicellular glands

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53
Q

What are hte two unicellular glands ?

A

Goblet cells

Peneth cells

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54
Q

What are the types of glands on the mode of secretion?

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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55
Q

Give some examples of holocrine ?

A

goblet cells,
tear glands
intestinal glands
mucus glands

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56
Q

Where are apocrine found?

A 
mammry glands 
glands near the pubic region 
skin around anus 
nipples 
lips
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57
Q

Give an axamples of gland that originated from the mesoderm ?

A

gonads

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58
Q

Name a gland that originated form the endoderm?

A

thyroid

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59
Q

Name a glands that originated from the ectoderm?

A

sweat glands

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60
Q

Name a gland that originated from more than one layer ?

A

adrenal gland – ectomesodermal gland

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61
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue
specialised connective tissue

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62
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar connective tissue

adipose conective tissue

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63
Q

What are the tyeps of dense connective tissue?

A

dense regular tissue

dense irregular tissue

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64
Q

Give some examples of dense regular and irregular connective tissue?

A

tendon and ligament

skin

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65
Q

What are the types of specialized connective tissue?

A

skeletal CT

fluid CT

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66
Q

What are the function of connective tissue?

A

connect tissue

form of packing around organs

supporting framework

combat foreign toxins

rplace tissue damaged by injuries

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67
Q

Who first used the term tissue for animals?

A

Bichat

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68
Q

From which germinal latyer des the epithelial tissue arrive?

A

all three layer

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69
Q

Where is stereo ciliated epithelium found ?

A

Epididymis

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70
Q

Give some examples of exocrine glands?

A

sweat glands , mammary glands , sebaceous glands

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71
Q

Give some examples of endocrine glands?

A

thyroid, pituitary glands

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72
Q

Give some examples of mixocrine glands?

A

testes , ovary , pancrease

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73
Q

Give some examples of apocrine?

A

sweat glands( arm pits), mammary galnds , nipples

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74
Q

Give some examples of merocrine?

A

most sweat glands, goblet cells , tear glands

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75
Q

Give some examples of holocrine?

A

sebacease gland, zies glands , meibomian cells

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76
Q

What is the origin of connective tissue?

A

mesoderm

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77
Q

What are the fibres present in the connective tissue?

A

collagen
reticulin
elastin

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78
Q

What are the chemicals that make up the matrix of connective tissue ?

A

polysaccharide
muco polysaccharide

hyluronic acid

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79
Q

What are the 11 types of cells present in the connective tissue?

A 
fibrobalst
collagen fbres 
reticular fibres 
macropahge 
mast cells 
lymphocytes 
plasma cells 
monolocular adipose cells
multilocular adipose cells 
elastin cells 
mesenchyma cells
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80
Q

What is the function of fibrobalst cellls?

A

they secrete collagen and reticulin

they make the matrix and is called the cheif matrix producing cells

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81
Q

Why does the fibro blast cells have more er?

A

to secrete the collagen fibres

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82
Q

What is teh collagen fibres made up of ?

A

collagen fibres

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83
Q

Which is the most common chemical in the animal kingdom and human body?

A

collagen

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84
Q

What is the other name of reticular fibres?

A

reticulin

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85
Q

What is teh stain taken by reticulin fibres?

A

silver stain

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86
Q

What is the other name of reticular fibres?

A

arzyzophils

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87
Q

Where reticular fibres usually present?

A

spleen , lymph nodes

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88
Q

Is reticular fibers elastic?

A

no

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89
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A 
they secrete:
histamine 
serotonin 
heparin
the matrix
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90
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

vaso dialator

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91
Q

What is teh function of heparin?

A

anti coagulant

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92
Q

What is the function of serotonin?

A

vaso constrictor

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93
Q

What is the second largest cell in the plasma of the proper areolar tissue?

A

macropahage

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94
Q

Which is the biggest cell in the areolar tissue proper?

A

fibro blast

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95
Q

Which is cell is the second most abundant in the areolar tissue?

A

macrophage

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96
Q

Which cell is the highest in number in areolar tissue?

A

fibroblast

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97
Q

Are the macrophage granular or agranular?

A

agranular

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98
Q

Why does the macrophage appear to be agranular?

A

because they have lots of lysosomes which appears like granules

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99
Q

What is the other name of macrophage?

A

histeocytes

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100
Q

What is the elastin fibres made up of?

A

elastin

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101
Q

Name the fibre that is highly resistent to chemicals?

A

elastic fibres

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102
Q

What is teh function of mesenchyma?

A

they make all the cells in an areolar tissue

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103
Q

What type of fat is stored in a monolocular adipose tissue?

A

white fats

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104
Q

What type of fat is stored in a multilocular adipose tissue?

A

brown fats

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105
Q

How is the fats distributed in a monolocular adipose tissue>

A

in hte center of the cell

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106
Q

How is fats distributed in a multilocular adipose tissue?

A

it is located as granules inside the cell membrane

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107
Q

What is the function of lymphocyte?

A

theyare key cells of the immune system and are involved in the production of antibodies

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108
Q

Which cells divide to form a plasma cells?

A

lymphocytes

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109
Q

How is the nucleus of hte cytoplasm present in the plasma cells?

A

radial , cart whee like

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110
Q

What is cart wheel cell?

A

plasma cells

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111
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

they produce and transport antibodies

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112
Q

What is the meaning of pleuropotent?

A

they make other cells just like mesenchyma cell in the areolar tissue

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113
Q

What is the chemical name of serotonin?

A

5-HT ( 5-hydroxy-tryptamine

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114
Q

What is the other name of areolar tissue?

A

they are called spongy connective tissue

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115
Q

What are the gaps present in amongst the areolar fibres called in areolar connective tissue called?

A

areolae

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116
Q

Name the three most abundant cells in areolar tissue?

A

mast cells
fibroblast
macrophage

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117
Q

What is the funciton of areolar tissue?

A

they form the frame work for the epithelial tissue

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118
Q

Where is areolar tissue found in the human body? 6

A 
tela subcutanea : 
sub mucosa of trachea , bronchi , intestine , oesophagus 
endo mysium
peri mysium 
end neurium 
also found to support internal organs
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119
Q

What is the maening of aestrivation ?

A

summer sleep

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120
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

A

white fats

brown fats

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121
Q

Where is brown fat found? 2

A

new born babies

hibernating organisms

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122
Q

Which adipose tissue has more mitochondria white or brown?

A

brown

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123
Q

What is the main difference between brown and white fats?

A

white fat has one globule and brown fat has more than one globule

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124
Q

Which adipose tissue stores less energy?

A

white fats

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125
Q

What are the two function of adipose tissue?

A

store excess energy

shock absorber for internal organs

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126
Q

Where is white adipose tissue found? 3

A

yellow bone marrow

blubber of whale
hump of camel

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127
Q

What is the meaning of cord?

A

regular connective dense tissue

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128
Q

What is the meaning of sheath?

A

they are not arranged in regular manner

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129
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A

white fibrous
yellow fibrous tissue
retiular conective tissue

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130
Q

Givae an examole of white fibrous connective tissu ecord?

A

tendon

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131
Q

Where is white sheath connective tissue?q

A

pericardium

periosteum

perichondrium

epimysium

renal capsule

tunca albugunea

duarmerter

cornea
tunia adventia of trachea , bronchi ,oesophagus

glissons capsule

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132
Q

What is the most importatn feature of yellow fibrous tissue ?

A

less collagen and more elastin fibres

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133
Q

What type fo fibre is absent in yellow fibrous connective tisue?

A

reticular

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134
Q

Give an example of yellow dense fibrous cord connective tssue?

A

ligament

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135
Q

Give an example of yellow dense fibrous sheath connective tissue?

A

wall of alveoli

wall of small bronchioles

wall of lymph vessle and blood vessel

true vocal cord

wall of bronchioles

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136
Q

What type of tissue is called lymphoid tissue?

A

reticular fibrous connective tissue

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137
Q

Where is reticular organs ?

A

lymphoid organs

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138
Q

What is the function of reticular fibres?

A

they support the and provide strenght and form the stroma (frame work ) of soft organs

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139
Q

Where is reticlar fibres found?

A

spleen
lymph nodes
endosteum ( covering of bone marrow )

140
Q

What are the two types of specialzed connective tissue?

A

skeletal

vacular

141
Q

What are the types of skeletal connective tissue ?

A

cartilage

bone

142
Q

What is the outer covering of cartilage called ?

A

perichondrium

143
Q

Describe the matrix of chrondrium?

A

it is solid , pliable and can resist compressions

144
Q

What is the catrilage producing cell called ?

A

chondroblast

145
Q

What are the things that are formed by chondrblast ?

A

matrix

chondrocytes

146
Q

How are chrondrocytes arranged in a cartilage ?

A

lacunna

147
Q

How many cells are present in a lacunna ?

A

1-4

148
Q

What are the cells that destroys the cartilage called?

A

chondroclast

149
Q

What is th ecartilage of matrix made up of ?

A

chodrotin–1–sulphate , mucopolysaccharide (hyaluronic acid)

150
Q

Is blodd supply present in the matrix of cartilage?

A

no

151
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

hyalin cartilage

elastic cartilage

white fibrous cartilage

calcified cartilage

152
Q

Which is the most common type of cartilage ?

A

hyaline cartilage

153
Q

Why is most of the bone of our body is cartilagenous bones?

A

because most of our embryonic skeleton is made up cartilage

154
Q

What is the color of the matrix of hyaline cartilage?

A

bluish and transparent

155
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

nasal septum

c shaped rings of bronchi

larygeal cartilage

articular cartilage

156
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

tip of the nose
ear pinna
larynx- elipglottis and cartilage
wall of eustachian tube

157
Q

Why perichondrium absent in the white fibrous cartilage ?

A

because they derive themselves from white fibrous connective tissu

158
Q

Which is the strongest cartilage?

A

strongest cartilage

159
Q

What is the central part of the intervertebra disc called ?

A

nucleus palposus

160
Q

Where is white fibrous cartilage found>

A

connect pelvic halves (pubic symphysis )

intervertebral disc

161
Q

How does the calcified cartlge found?

A

hyaline cartilage but have calcium deposition that makes it hard

162
Q

In what form is calcium deposited in the bone ?

A

hydroxy apetitie

163
Q

What is the formula of calcium hydroxyapetite ?

A

Ca5(PO4)3

164
Q

Give some examples where calcified cartilage is found?

A

pubis of frog

head of femur and humerus

165
Q

What forms the outer most layer of the bone ?

A

periosteum

166
Q

What is the outer most layer of bone made up of ?

A

white fibrous CT

167
Q

Where are elastic cartilage found ?

A

tip of nose
ear pinna
larynx - epiglottis and cartilage of santorini
wall of rustachain tube

168
Q

Where is white fibrous CT found ?

A

connects the pubic halves or pubic symphysis

intervertebral discs

169
Q

What is teh outer most layer of bone called ?

A

periosteum

170
Q

What is the bone producing cells caled?

A

osteoblast

171
Q

What is the cells of bone called?

A

osteocytes

172
Q

Where is osteocytes found in a bone?

A

lacuna

173
Q

What is the funciton of osteoclast?

A

they destroy the bone

174
Q

What are hte 5 features of bones ?

A

it is vascular

it is mineralized

hard and rigd

it has a canalicular structure

it has regenrating capacity

175
Q

What are the 5 functions of bones ?

A

it provides teh structural framework to the body

support and protect the soft organs and tissue

limb bones serve as weight bearing bones

they interact with the muscles to cause movement

the bone marrow is also responsible for the production of blood cells

176
Q

What are the two parts of the matrix?

A

inorganic parts

organic parts

177
Q

What is the percentage of inorganic and organic parts of hte bone?

A

65-68% inorganic part

32-38% organic part

178
Q

What is the composition of the inorganic part f the bones?

A

Ca3(PO4)2 - 80%
CaCO3 - 10%
Mg3(PO4)2 - 10%

179
Q

What is the organic parts composition of the bone?

A

23-35 % ossein

in which their is suspended sulphated mucopolysaccharide

180
Q

What is the meaning of decalcified bone?

A

if a one is kept in dil HCl for 3 day then complete mineral part of the matrix get dissolved in aicid and organic part of the remaining in hte bone ths it becomes soft and flexible

181
Q

What is the meaning of dried bone?

A

when the bone is brnt and and then the organic part os the the bone is left it is called dried boen

182
Q

What are the three part of the long bones ?

A

epiphysis
meta physis
diaphysis

183
Q

What is the other name of epiphysis called and why?

A

spongy part and it is called so because it has trabeculae filled with red bone marrow

184
Q

What is teh cavity present in the diaphysis called?

A

haversian canal

185
Q

What is present in the haversian canal?

A

white fat and yellow bone marrow

186
Q

Which part of the bone has the red bone marrow?

A

the epiphysis

187
Q

What si teh epiphyseal plate made up of ?

A

osteoblast cells

188
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal plate after complete develpment?

A

the epiphyseal plate s destroyed

189
Q

What are the four major structures in the mammalian bone?

A

periosteum

matrix

endosteum

bone marrow cavity

190
Q

How many layers is the periosteum composed of?

A

two layers

191
Q

What is the outer layer of the periosteum composed of ?

A

White fibrous CT

192
Q

What is the inner periosteum composed of?

A

single layer of osteoblast cells which then divide to form osteocyte cells

193
Q

What are the tow canals present in the matrix of the bone?

A

haversian canal

volkmannn’s canal

194
Q

What are the layers of the matrix of bone called ?

A

lamellae

195
Q

What are the three types of lamellae present in the bone?

A

haversian lamellae

interstitial lamellae

circumferential lamellae

196
Q

What are the components of the haversian canal system?

A

haversian canal

haversian lamellae

osteocytes

197
Q

What is the meanign of osteon?

A

harversian canal system

osteocytes, haversian canal , lamellae

198
Q

Where is each osteocyte present in a bone?

A

lacuna

199
Q

How is each osteon interconencted with each other ?

A

cytoplasmic processes

200
Q

What is canaliculi?

A

the thin processes in the matrix of the bone that connects each osteon with the help of cytoplasmic processes

201
Q

What is interstitial lamellae?

A

the space between two haversian canal system

202
Q

What is the meanign of circumferential lamellae?

A

the lamellae present in the periphery of a bone just under the periosteum

203
Q

What are the parts of hte endosteum and what are they composed of ?

A

towards the bone marrow layer : reticular fibres

towrds the matrix of the bone : lined with osteoblast

204
Q

What is the function of bone marrow cavity ?

A

white bone marrow is present here

205
Q

What are the types of bones ?

A

crtilagenous bones

dermal bones/ membraneous bones

sesamoid bones

visceral bone

206
Q

What is the meaning of calcified bone?

A

they are formed after osseification

207
Q

Where is calcified bones found?

A

the limbs both the top and bottom

ribs

208
Q

What are the types of cells present in the calcified bones?

A

chondroclasts

osteoclasts

209
Q

How are dermal bones formed?

A

they are formed after ossiefication in hte connective tissue of the dermis

210
Q

Where are dermal bones found?

A

flat bones of the skull

nasal bone

lower jaw

scapula

clavice

sternum

pubis

211
Q

What is sesamoid bones?

A

the bones developed from the osseification of the dermal bones is called sesamoid bones

212
Q

Where is sesamoid bones found?

A

patella

pisiform

213
Q

What are visceral bones?

A

the bones formed after the osseification of the visceral organ is called visceral bone

214
Q

Give some examples of visceral bones?

A

os penis – baculum
os carids – heart
os —snout of pig
os clitoris —

215
Q

Why is there no blood vessel , lymph vessel and capillarie absent in the epidermal cells?

A

they are imperveous

216
Q

Which epithelium is called pavement epithelium?

A

simple squamous epithelium

217
Q

Whihc epitehlium is called tessalated epithelium ?

A

simple squamous epithelium

218
Q

What is the funciton of simple squamous epithelium?

A

they are associated with filtration and absorption

219
Q

Where is glandular burhs bordered epithelium found?

A

small intestine ( ileum , jejunum , duadenum )

220
Q

Give some examples of acrine epitehlium ?

A

goblet cells,
tear cells
mucous glands

221
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus of mast cells?

A

s shaped

222
Q

Which cells are called scavenger cells?

A

histeocytes , macrophage

223
Q

Which cell is the chief matrix producing ells?

A

fibro blast

224
Q

Which chemical gives gelatin on boiling?

A

collagen

225
Q

What fibre is present in hte white fibrous CT?

A

colagen and elastin and reticulin is absent

226
Q

Which cells are more in white fibrous tissue?

A

fibro blast cells

mast cells

227
Q

What is articular cartilage ?

A

sometimes the ends of the long bone which were made up of peri osteum is replaced by hyaline cartilage then it is called articular cartilage

228
Q

What is pubic symphysis ?

A

the cartilage that is responsible for connecting the two parts of the pubic bones

229
Q

What is tilopodia?

A

the cytoplasmic projectiins that connects one osteocte from other

230
Q

Which connective tissue lines the yellow boen marrow cavity of along bone ?

A

endusteum .

retucular connective tissue

231
Q

What is endistuem ?

A

the inner layer of the bone that lines hte yellow boen marrow

232
Q

Which cell is responsible for the formation of the lamellae?

A

osteocytes

233
Q

Which property of bone is a charecteristic of mammal?

A

the harversian canal

234
Q

What type of growth takes place in bones?

A

bi directional

235
Q

Waht type of growth takes place in the cartilage?

A

uni directional

236
Q

What is the meaning of canaliculi ?

A

the cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes that are present in the lacuna is called canaliculi

237
Q

Why is there the need for movememnt?

A

food

shelter

mate

to escape predator

(basically everything that bear gyrlls does except mate )

238
Q

How does movement take place in amoeba, euglena and paramoecium ?

A

amoeba : pseudopodia
euglena: flagella
cilia : paramoecium

239
Q

What are hte types of muscles ?

A

voluntary

involuntary

240
Q

Give the name of some places where the voluntary muscle is found?

A

fore limb , hind limb
1/3 of the oesophagus
tongue

241
Q

Give the name of the places where hte involuntary muscles is found?

A

cardiac, heart muscles , heart

242
Q

Name the part of the muscle where the tendon joins to it ?

A

origin

243
Q

Where is the epimysium found?

A

around the muscle cover

244
Q

Where is the perimysium found?

A

they surround fascia

245
Q

Where is the endomysium found?

A

around each muscle fibre / cell

246
Q

What is the meaning of sarco lemma ?

A

they are the membrane of the muscle cell

247
Q

What is the length of the a band?

A

1.5 micro meter

248
Q

What is the length of the i band?

A

0.5 micro meter

249
Q

What is the meaning of the M line?

A

it is located in the middle of the sarco mere and joins the myosin

250
Q

What is the meaning of the the H zone ?

A

it is the less dense part of the sarco mere

251
Q

What are the property of the straited muscle fibre ?

A

muscle cell
syntial ( multi nucleated)
sarco plasmic reticulum
more mitochndria

252
Q

What is the meaning of syntial ?

A

multi nucleated

253
Q

What is the full form of the A band ?

A

aniosotrophic band

254
Q

What is the full form of the I band?

A

isotrophic band

255
Q

What are the types of filaments?

A

contractile

regulatory

structure

256
Q

What are the types of contractile filaments ?

A

actin and myosin

257
Q

What are the regulatory filaments ?

A

tropomyosin

troponin

258
Q

What is one unit of myosn called ?

A

meromyosin

259
Q

What are the parts of the meromyosin ?

A

LMM and HMM

260
Q

What are the parts of the HMM?

A

cross arm ( short arm)

head

261
Q

What are the parts of the head ?

A

ATP binding site

Actin binding site

262
Q

Which part of the myosin has the highest ATPase activity?

A

HEAD

263
Q

What is the single unit of the actin called?

A

G actin

264
Q

What is the a strand of the actin called?

A

F actin

265
Q

What is the function of the tropomyosin ?

A

covers the actin filament

266
Q

What are the three parts of the troponin ?

A

Tropomyosin binding site

Ca++ binding site

Inhibitory site

267
Q

What covers the actin filament ?

A

troponin

268
Q

Descirbe the strucuture of the muscle ? Heirarchy

A

muscle
fascicle
muscle fibre

269
Q

What is epimysium?

A

this covers the muscle

270
Q

What is perimysium?

A

covers the fascicle `

271
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

they cover the muscle fibre

272
Q

What is fascilculi?

A

many muscle fibre combine to form the fasciculi

fascicle

273
Q

Which connective tissue makes up the epimysium?

A

white conective tisue

274
Q

Whihc connective tissue is present in hte preimysium?

A

arealar ct

275
Q

Which connective tissue is present in the endomysium?

A

areolar connective tissue

276
Q

What is teh outer membrane of the muscle fibre called ?

A

sarcolema

277
Q

Which fibre is present in the sarcolemma?

A

collagen

278
Q

What is the charecteristics of the muscle ?

A

they have myofibril

279
Q

What are the potein present in the muslce?

A

actin and myosin

280
Q

What is the light band called?

A

i band , isotrpic band

281
Q

What is the dark band called?

A

a band, anistrophic band

282
Q

What does the light band contain?

A

they contain actin

283
Q

What does the myosin contain?

A

they contain myosin

284
Q

Which filaments are called actin?

A

thinner filaments

285
Q

What filament are called the myosin?

A

thicker filaments

286
Q

Where is the z band present?

A

they bisect the i band

287
Q

Where is the m line contain ?

A

myosin

288
Q

Wich is the h zone?

A

they only contain the myosin

289
Q

Which is the functional unit of the muscle called ?

A

sarcomere

290
Q

What is the lenght of hte sarcomere?

A

2.5 micro meter

291
Q

What is the lenght of the actin filament ?

A

1 micro meter —- full lenght

0.5 meter —— half lenght

292
Q

What is the lenght of the myosin filament?

A

1.5 micro meter

293
Q

How many actin flament cover the myosin?

A

6 actin

294
Q

How many myosin filaent surround the actin filament ?

A

3 myosin

295
Q

What are the parts of a meromysoin?

A

hmm: heavy mero myosin

lmm - light mero myosin

296
Q

Where is the cross arm present?

A

in hte hm

297
Q

Which part of the meromyosin is the place of hte most active site of ATPase adn has the binding site of the atp?

A

globular head

298
Q

What are the contractile protein in hte muscle clel?

A

actin

myosin

299
Q

What ar eth eregulatory protein in hte muscle cell?

A

troposin and tropomyosin

300
Q

What are the structural parts of the muscl cell?

A

m line and z line

301
Q

What ar eht parts of the troponin protein?

A

I inhibitory site
T tropomyosin site
C Ca++ binding site

302
Q

Where does the Ca++ ions go at the time of relazation?

A

L-tubules

303
Q

What are the roles of hte atp?

A

rotation of myosin

detachment of myosin

304
Q

By how much does hte lenght of the i band change duing contraction?

A

20% less

305
Q

What ar eht etwo types of striated muscle?

A

red fibre

white fibre

306
Q

What gives the color of the red myosin?

A

myoglobin

307
Q

Which type of striated muscle is called the aerobic muscle?

A

red fibrils

308
Q

Which striated muscle contain more mitochondria?

A

red fibrls

309
Q

On which process does the white muscle cell carry out to make contraction?

A

anaerobic process

310
Q

Which type of muscle fibre contains less mitochondrai?

A

white muscle

311
Q

In which type of straited muscle is the number of sarcoplasmic reticulum high ?

A

whtie muscle

312
Q

Give nine differences of the red and white muscle cell?

A
  1. myoglobin content is high in (red)
  2. Sarcoplasmic retiuclum is less intensive in (red )
  3. blood vessel is more extensive (red )
  4. mitochondria is high in (red )
  5. response is slow with long latent period( red)
  6. contraction is less powerful ( red)
  7. is involcee in sustained period (red)
  8. fatigue occurs slowly (red)
  9. depends on cellular respiration for energy( red)
313
Q

What is the othe name of the involuntary muscle?

A

non skeletal muscle
unstraited
visceral

314
Q

What is teh shape of the involuntary muscle?

A

spindle shape

315
Q

How are the non straited muscle connected?

A

gap junction

316
Q

How many nucleus is present in the involuntary muscle?

A

one

317
Q

Wy is the cytoplasm of the involuntary muscle called sarcoplasm?

A

because they have myofibrils in scattered form in the cytoplasm

318
Q

Which filament is present more in number at the cytoplsm of the involuntary muscle fibre ?

A

actin is more than myosin fibre

319
Q

On what is the involuntaty muscle dependent for Ca+= ions?

A

ecf

320
Q

Why is the involuntary muscle called the non fatigue muscle?

A

because they remain in the contracted stage for a long time

321
Q

Where is th cardiac muscle found?

A

cardaic muscle

322
Q

Describe the structure of the cardaic muscle?

A

cylindrical muscle
fibre is branched
intercalated disc is present

323
Q

What is the junciton region of the cardaic muscle called?

A

junctional region

324
Q

What is the intercalated junciotn made up of ?

A

sarcolemma

325
Q

What are pacemakers that controls the cardiac muscle?

A

SAN, AVN,purkinje fibre

326
Q

Is oblique bridge and the intercalated disc the same thing ?

A

no

327
Q

What are the funciton of the flexor?

A

they move the muscle in the upward direction

328
Q

What is teh funciotn of hte extensor muscel?

A

they move the fore arm in the down ward motion

329
Q

Give an example of flexor muscle?

A

biceps brachii

330
Q

Give an example of extensor muslce?

A

tricpes

331
Q

What isthe funciton of the abductor muscle?

A

move the arms towards the body axis

332
Q

What is the funciton of hte abductor muscle?

A

they move the upper and the lower limb away form hte body

333
Q

Give an example of adductor muscle?

A

lattismus dorsi

334
Q

Give an example of abductor muscle?

A

deltoid muscle

335
Q

Where is hte gastrocnemius muscle present?

A

teh calf muscle

336
Q

Which is the largest muscle in the human body?

A

glutus maximus

337
Q

Whichis the smallest muscle in the human body

A

stapedius

338
Q

How many muscle are present in humans?

A

639

339
Q

Numebr of paired muscles?

A

634

340
Q

Number of unpaired muscle?

A

5

341
Q

Number of straited muscel?

A

400

342
Q

Number of back muscle?

A

180

343
Q

Which is the longest smooth muscle?

A

the smooth muscle present in the uterus of a pregnent lady

344
Q

Which is the strongest muscel?

A

masseter muscle ( jaw muscle)

345
Q

What is the shape of the mast cells?

A

they are amoiboid and S shaped nucleus

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