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Porsche 911 turboS > 4.1 Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

4.1 Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tonsils in the pharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsils, tubal tonsils, lingual tonsils and palatine tonsils

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2
Q

What is the part of the alimetary canal that derives from the ectoderm??

A

top till hard palate

from the anal canal to anus

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3
Q

What is the part of the alimentary canal that derives form the endoderm?

A

form soft palate to rectum

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4
Q

What is the name of hte muscle that helps in the movement of the lips?

A

orbiscularis and oris muscles

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5
Q

What are the types of glands present in the lips and where ?

A

the outer lips has sebaceous glands

inner lip has has serous glands

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6
Q

What is the roof of the oral cavity called?

A

palate

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7
Q

Which bones are responsible for the formation of the hard palate?

A

maxilla and palatine bones

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8
Q

What are the ridges present in the hard palate called?

A

palatine ridges

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9
Q

What are the two parts of the soft palate?

A

oroparynx and nasopharynx

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10
Q

What is the function of eustachain tube ?

A

helps to retain the air pressure

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11
Q

What attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?

A

frenulum

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12
Q

Where is one end of the tongue attached to the tongue?

A

hyoid

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13
Q

What divides the parts of tongue?

A

sulcus terminalis

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14
Q

Why do we have two sets of teeth?

A

because of the activity of the osteoclast cells

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15
Q

What is the middle hole of the tongue called?

A

foramen caecum

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the tongue?

A

pharyngeal and oral part

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17
Q

Where are the lingual tonsisl present and where are the palatine tonsils present?

A

in the pharyngela tongue and the palatine tonsil is present just beside the pharyngeal part of the tongue

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18
Q

What are the different types of papillae and what are tehir functions?

A

fungiform
filliform
foliate papillae
circumvelate papillae

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19
Q

What gives the white and the pink part of the tonge?

A

pedicle : pink

filliform : white

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20
Q

In whihc animal is the tongue non motile?

A

whale

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21
Q

What are the different types of muslce in tongue?

A

extrensic an dintreinsic muscles

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22
Q

What are the different types of muslce in tongue?

A

extrensic and intreinsic muscles ( if you dont remembre then go to allen book )

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23
Q

Which kind of papillae is vestigeal in human ?

A

folliate

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24
Q

Which kind of papillae has no tasete buds?

A

filli form

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25
Q

Name an animal n which folliate form is functional?

A

rabbit

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26
Q

What are the qualities of tooth? From which gerinal layer does it derive from?

A

diphydont
heterodont
thecodont

ectomesodermal

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27
Q

Name of animals those are polyphyodont?

A

shark and cartilgenous fishes

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28
Q

What is the dental formula of human? Which one is known as the gnawing teeth and which one is known as cheek teeth ?

A

2123
gnawing teeth : insiscors
cheek teeth : molars

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29
Q

What is the meaning of diastema?

A

gaps in teeth

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30
Q

Which type of teeth makes tusks of elephant?

A

upper incisor

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31
Q

Which type of teeth makes the tusks of walrus?

A

canine teeth

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32
Q

What are the componets of the pulp cavity ?

A

blood vessel
nerve
lymph

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33
Q

What leads to the formation of the dentine?

A

odontoblast

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34
Q

What leads to the formation of enamel?

A

ameloblast

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35
Q

What joins the teeth to the gums

A

peri odontal ligaments

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36
Q

What is the gap present form where the teeth grows called?

A

apical foramen

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37
Q

What are the compoenets of the enamel?

A

(Ca , Mg, K ,Na ) — 96% inorganic part ‘
H2O
organic part( enamelin , amelogenin )

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38
Q

What happens if the apical foramen does not close?

A

polyphyodont

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39
Q

In which part of the large intestine are the micro organisms present?

A

caecum

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40
Q

Name an animal in which the appendix is not vestigeal?

A

rabbit

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41
Q

What forms the taenia coli?

A

the transverse muscles in the colon

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42
Q

What is the pouch like structure in the lumen of the intesetine called? Why does it occur?

A

huastra

because of the presence of taenae coli

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43
Q

What are the various parts of the colon?

A

ascending
transverse
desending
sigmoid

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44
Q

What is the function of rectum ?

A

to store the shit

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45
Q

Name a cheek teeth?

A

premolar and molar

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46
Q

What separates the nasal chamber and the buccal cavity?

A

by the palate

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47
Q

What is the percentage of water in the enamel?

A

3 %

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48
Q

What are the layers of the alimentayr canal ?

A

seosa
muscularis
sub mucosa
mucosa

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49
Q

What is the composition of tunica advetitia?

A

WFCT + areolar tisseu

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50
Q

Where do we find maximum peristalsis?

A

stomach

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51
Q

Where do we find minimum peristalsis?

A

in the rectum

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52
Q

What are the three parts of hte mucosa?

A

outer part : mucosal muscularis
middle part : lamina proparia
inner part : musosal layer

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53
Q

Where do we find simple stratified epithelium in the mucosa?

A

oesophagus

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54
Q

Where do we find pointed villi?

A

in ileum and jejunum

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55
Q

In which layer do we find payers patches?

A

in hte middle layer ( lamina proparia

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56
Q

Where is the maiximum number of vili?

A

jejunum

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57
Q

Where do we find brunner gland what what is its funciton?

A

we can find it in the sub mucoa of duodenum

it makes the medium in the intestine alkaline

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58
Q

Where do we find paneth cells?

A

jejunum ( mucosal layes)

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59
Q

What is the secretion of the paneth cells?

A

defensin + lysozyme

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60
Q

What is the function of payer’s patches?

A

intestinal tonsil , they provide immunity

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61
Q

What is the function of myntric nerve or aeurbach nerve?

A

it controls the contraction of the longitudinal muscles

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62
Q

What is the function of messiners nerve?

A

it leads to the contraction of teh circular muscles

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63
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

paratoid : saliva and enzyme
sub mandibular : saliva
sub lingual : saliva

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64
Q

Which is the largest salivary glands?

A

the paratoid

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65
Q

Which is salivary gladns secretes the most saliva?

A

sub maxilarry

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66
Q

What is the composition of saliva ?

A 
ptyalin 
lysozyme and thiocynate 
Na + , K + and Cl-
HCO3 --
IgA 
urea and uric acid
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67
Q

Which nerve controls the saliva secretion ?

A

cranial nerve 7 and 9

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68
Q

From which germinal layer does the liver form from?

A

endoderm

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69
Q

What divides the right and left liver lobes?

A

faliciform ligaments

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70
Q

What fraction of the liver is the right and the left liver>?

A

5/6 right and 1/6 left liver

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71
Q

What are the two pancreatic ducts and which one is functional?

A

duct of wirsung ( functional )

duct of santorani ( non functional)

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72
Q

What is ampulla of vater?

A

a bit of buldge in the spinchter of oddi is called ampulla of vater

73
Q

What is the structural and functional unti fo liver?

A

hepatic lobules

74
Q

What covers the hepatic lobules ?

A

glissons capsule

75
Q

Name some animals where the gall bladder is missing ?

A

lemprey , whale and horse

76
Q

What is the duct of choledocus?

A

it is the common path of the Common bile duct and the pancreatic duct

77
Q

duct of choledocus is the path

A

and spinchter of oddi is the regulator

78
Q

What are the cells responsible for the purification of blood in liver?

A

kupffer cells and splenocytes

79
Q

What is the meaning of ornithine cycle?

A

deamination of urea

80
Q

What can happen if fats is stored in the liver (* more fats) ?

A

fatty liver cirrhosis

81
Q

Which plasma protein cannot be syntheised by the liver

A

gamma globulin

82
Q

How is vitamin A synthesized in teh liver?

A

vitamin A syntehsized in the liver with help of beta carotene

83
Q

What ar the vitamins that are stored by the liver?

A

D,E,A,K, B 12

84
Q

What are clotting factors released by the liver?

A

1,2,5,7,9,10

85
Q

What is caused by the deficency of selenium in the liver?

A

liver necrosis

86
Q

Whihc cells prodcue the bilie juice in the liver?

A

parenchyma cells

87
Q

What is the pH of the bile?

A

8 pH

88
Q

What is the composition of bile salt?

A

pigment ( bilirubin and biliverdin)

K+ , Na+

Bile salt ( Na , bicarbonate, carbonate, Cl , tauracholate and glycholate )

cholesterol

lecinith

89
Q

What are things on which the micelles form?

A

fats, cholesterol , phospholipid and vitamins

90
Q

Where is the bile salt absorbed back?

A

in the ileum

91
Q

What is the other name of gall stone?

A

cholelithiasis

92
Q

What happens due jaundice?

A

yellow skin , cornea, nails , urine

93
Q

From where does the pancrease develop from ?

A

form the endoderm

94
Q

What is acinii and islets of langerhands?

A

islets of langerhans: nedocrine part

acinni : it is the exocrine part

95
Q

Which duct controls the cmmon bile duct?

A

spinchter of boyden

96
Q

What stimulates the pancrease?

A

pancreozymin

97
Q

Which instesinal juice is odoriferous?

A

the pancreatic juice

98
Q

How much pancreatic juice in a day and what is the pH of the pancreastic juice?

A

1 - 1.5 L, it ranges from 7.5 to 8.3

99
Q

What is the makor site of breakdown of the amino acids ?

A

in the jejunum and ileum

100
Q

What is mucin ?

A

it is a glycoprotein that helps in lubrication

101
Q

What type of starch is digested by ptyalin?

A

cooked starch

102
Q

How much gastric juice perday?

A

2 - 3 L

103
Q

What acts of the molk protien in the absence of rennin ?

A

pepsin, carboxypeptidase , HCl

104
Q

What is teh function of rennin?

A

cassein — Ca paracassienat

105
Q

Where deos most and the least of the digestion take place in the stomach ?

A

most - body

least - fundic

106
Q

What are the two orifice inthe stomach?

A

the cardiac and the pyloric orifice

107
Q

What is the haitus ?

A

it is the opening in the diaphram

108
Q

What passes through the haitus ?

A

oesophagus and the vagus nerve

109
Q

On what deos Gastrin , secretin , CCK and GIP work on ?

A

Gastrin : HCl + pepsin secretion

secretin: water and HCO3- ions

CCK: pancreatic enzyme and bile juice

GIP : inhibits hte gastric secretio

110
Q

On what deos CCK act on?

A

pancrease and gall bladder

111
Q

What stimulates the liver?

A

hepatocrinin

112
Q

What some other local hormones?

A

vilikinin

duocrinin

enterocrinin

VIP : vasoactive intestinal peptide

113
Q

What are ht etypes of cells in teh stomach ?

A

Cheif cells ( peptic cells)

parietal cells ( HCl)

Gastric endocrine cells :
G : gastrin
D: somatostatin
EC : serotonin and histamine

114
Q

What is meaning of argentagraffin?

A

serotonin is secreted by this cell

115
Q

What breaks the sucrose?

A

i=ydrolase invertase

116
Q

What is the other name of fat digesting enyme?

A

steapsin

117
Q

What are hte digestion that takes place in the duodenum?

protein, carb, fats, nuclic acid

A

protein :( trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin )

carbohydrate: ( pacreatic alpha amylase )

fats( pancreatic lipase ,cholesterol esterase phospholipase )

DNA and RNA ase (remember this)

118
Q

What are the digestions that takes place in the jejunum and ileum?

A

dipeptide ( erepsin)

large peptide( amin peptadase )

disaccharide : ( hydrolase invertase , maltase , lactase)

nucleic acid ( nucleotidase and nucleosidase )

119
Q

Where does hte maximum digestion take place?

A

in the duodenum

120
Q

Where does the maximum absorption take place?

A

jejunum

121
Q

Where is digestion of food completed?

A

ileum

122
Q

What is the function of zymase ?

A

sugar —- ethanol + CO 2

123
Q

What are teh things that are absorbed by active transport?

A

`

124
Q

How is water absorbed?

A

osmotic pressure

125
Q

What is absorbed in mouth ?

A

certain drugs like nicotine

126
Q

What is absorbed in the stomahc?

A

alcohol , sugar and water

127
Q

What is absorbed in the small intestine?

A

glucose, fructoese , fatty acid , glycerol and amino acids

128
Q

What is absorbed in teh large intestine?

A

water
minerals
drugs

129
Q

Where is Ca and Fe absorbed?

A

in the duodenum

130
Q

How is fat trasnported to the blood?

A 
lacteal
|
left thoraicic lymph duct
|
left subclavian vein 
|
vena cava
131
Q

How are substances other than fat transported into th eblood?

A 
mesentric vein 
|
hepatic portal vein
|
liver
|
liver
|
hepatic vein 
|
vena cave
132
Q

In which vein does the food go into before going into the hepatic portal vein ?

A

mesentric vein

133
Q

What is the physiological values of carb , protein , fats per gm?

A

carb : 4 kcal
protein : 4 kcal
fats : 9 kcal

134
Q

What is the gross energy value of carb , protien , fats?

A

cars : 4.1 kcal
protein : 5.65 kcal
fats : 9.45 kcal

135
Q

When is NH3 produced in our body?

A

conversion of amino acids into glucose by gluconeogenesis

136
Q

Why is stool yellow?

A

stercobilin , urobillin

137
Q

Why does stool smell?

A

H2S , scatole , indole , CH4 and tryptophan

138
Q

What is the meaning of kwshoirkor?

A

more than one year

less protien only

wasting muslces

oedema

swollen skin

no prominents ribs

139
Q

What is hte meaning of marasmus?

A

less than one year

deficiency in protein and calories both

no oedema

old mans face

can show prominent ribs

140
Q

What can be result of kwashoirkor and marasmus?

A

can effect the mental and physical growth

141
Q

What cah happen due to over intake of vit D ?

A

calcium deposit in the solft organs , hypercalcaemia , nausea, anorexia

142
Q

What can happen due to excessive intake of vit A ?

A

lack of apetitie , itching and rash

143
Q

What can happen due to hyperflourisi?

A

brownish teeth

144
Q

Why does nausea precees vomiting?

A

ejection of the matter in the stomach

this reflex is controlled by medulla thus nuasea is preseeds vomiting

145
Q

What are hte causes of indigestion?

A

inadequate enzyme , anziety , food poisoning , over eating and spicy food

146
Q

Which hormone was first discovered?

A

secretin

147
Q

Which is the first extracted vitamin ?

A

vit B 1

148
Q

What happens due to the deficiency of vit A?

What is the other name of vitamin A ?

A

retinol

night blindness
xerophthalmia
dermatitis

149
Q

What happens due to the deficinecy og vit B1 ?

what is the other name of vit B 1?

A

thiamine

beri beri
poly neutritis
cardio vascular antorpy

150
Q

What happens due to deficiency of vit B2 ?

What is the other anme of vit B2?

A

riboflavin

glossitis
keratitis
cheilosis

151
Q

What is caused by deficiency of vit B12 ? what is the other name of vit B 12?

A

cyano cobalamine

perniicious anaemia

152
Q

What is the caused by the deficiency of vit C?

A

scurvy
anaemia
joint pain

153
Q

What is caused by the deficiency of vit D?

A

rickets ( kids)

osteomalacia ( adults)

154
Q

What is caused by the deficinecy of vit E ? What is the other name of vitamin E?

A

tocopherol

macrocytic anemia , muscular dystropy and infertiltiy

155
Q

What is caused by the deficinecy of vit E ? What is the other name of vitamin E?

A

tocopherol / antisterility / beauty vitamin

macrocytic anemia , muscular dystropy and infertiltiy

156
Q

What is the other name of vitamin K?What is caused by the deficiency of vitamin K?

A

phylloquinone

severe bleeding

157
Q

What is the funciton of enterogastrin?

A

lowers the gastric secretion

158
Q

Whihc is the fastest absorbed molecule and how are they absorbed?

A

galactose, active transport

159
Q 
What is does the word "digestion" mean?
burning of food 
oxidation of food 
hydrolysis of food 
breakdown of food?
A

hydrolysis of food

160
Q

Which part of the small intestine absorb , iron , calcium and amino acids?
duodenum
jejunum
both of the above

A

duodenum and jejunum

161
Q

Where does the digestion of protein is completed?
duodenum
ilium
both of the above

A

digestion of protein starts in the stomach and ends in the small intestine. Duodenum is the main digestion part of the alimentary canal , while ileum is relared with absorptive function

162
Q

Where does demination take place?
liver
kidney
both of hte above

A

liver and kidney

163
Q

What metal is present in the B12?

A

cobalt , and it is dark red in color

164
Q

Which vitamin is the anti sterility vitamin?

A

Vit E, tocopherol

165
Q

Which are the eight essential amino acids for human?

A

P: phenylaline
V : valine
T : threonin

T:
I : isoleucine
M : methionine

H
A
L : lysin
L: Lleucine,

166
Q

Which vitamin has antioxidant property?

A

Vit C

167
Q

Which vitamin is called niacin and what is its deficiency called?

A

Vit B 3

pellagra

168
Q

What is the dentition oryctolagus?

A

2/1 0/0 3/2 3/3

169
Q

Which is the most abundant mineral in animals?

A

Ca

170
Q

In infant the process of defecation occurs by?

A

involuntary with reflex action

171
Q 
Which one of the following elements is essentail for the life of animals and not for plants?
calcium
iodine 
phosphorus
potassium
A

iodine

172
Q 
Where is the protein angiotensin produced and secreted?
macula densa cells 
endothelial cells 
liver cells
juxtaglomerular cells
A

angiotensin is made by the LIVER cells but are secreted in resoponse to renin which is secreted by the kidney

173
Q

Describe the process of digestion of milk in humans?

A

milk protein cassienogen is acted upon by pepsin to convet into cassein

cassien reacts with Ca to form Ca paracassienate

then it is acted upon by HCl, pepsin , and cymotrypsin

174
Q 
Which of the follwing vitamin is alcohol present?
vit D
vit B2
vit B5 
vit C
A

vit D

175
Q

What is Wilsons disease?

A

it is the manifestation of Cu in human stomach, liver and urne

176
Q

Which organ is responsible for the carboydrate metabolism regulatin? What are the funcitons?

A 
liver 
glycogenesis 
glucogenesis 
glycogenolysis 
glyconeogenesis  (from lactic acid)
177
Q

What is the compound that is used for glycogen production in the liver and where does it get it from?

A

from lactic acid from muscles cells

178
Q

What are the functions of liver?

A

secretion and sythesis of bile

carbohydrate metaboilsm ( glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glyconeogeneis )

storage of fats

deamination of urea formation

purification of blood

sythesis of plasma protein ( except gamma globulins)

sythesis of heparin

sythesis of vitamin A

stores vitamins : D, E , K , A, B 12

Storage of minerals

haemopoiesis

secretion of enzymes

prothrombin and fibrinogen protein

factors 1,2,3,5,7,9,10

Porsche 911 turboS (23 decks)

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