4.1 Digestion and Absorption Flashcards
What are the 4 tonsils in the pharynx?
pharyngeal tonsils, tubal tonsils, lingual tonsils and palatine tonsils
What is the part of the alimetary canal that derives from the ectoderm??
top till hard palate
from the anal canal to anus
What is the part of the alimentary canal that derives form the endoderm?
form soft palate to rectum
What is the name of hte muscle that helps in the movement of the lips?
orbiscularis and oris muscles
What are the types of glands present in the lips and where ?
the outer lips has sebaceous glands
inner lip has has serous glands
What is the roof of the oral cavity called?
palate
Which bones are responsible for the formation of the hard palate?
maxilla and palatine bones
What are the ridges present in the hard palate called?
palatine ridges
What are the two parts of the soft palate?
oroparynx and nasopharynx
What is the function of eustachain tube ?
helps to retain the air pressure
What attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?
frenulum
Where is one end of the tongue attached to the tongue?
hyoid
What divides the parts of tongue?
sulcus terminalis
Why do we have two sets of teeth?
because of the activity of the osteoclast cells
What is the middle hole of the tongue called?
foramen caecum
What are the two parts of the tongue?
pharyngeal and oral part
Where are the lingual tonsisl present and where are the palatine tonsils present?
in the pharyngela tongue and the palatine tonsil is present just beside the pharyngeal part of the tongue
What are the different types of papillae and what are tehir functions?
fungiform
filliform
foliate papillae
circumvelate papillae
What gives the white and the pink part of the tonge?
pedicle : pink
filliform : white
In whihc animal is the tongue non motile?
whale
What are the different types of muslce in tongue?
extrensic an dintreinsic muscles
What are the different types of muslce in tongue?
extrensic and intreinsic muscles ( if you dont remembre then go to allen book )
Which kind of papillae is vestigeal in human ?
folliate
Which kind of papillae has no tasete buds?
filli form
Name an animal n which folliate form is functional?
rabbit
What are the qualities of tooth? From which gerinal layer does it derive from?
diphydont
heterodont
thecodont
ectomesodermal
Name of animals those are polyphyodont?
shark and cartilgenous fishes
What is the dental formula of human? Which one is known as the gnawing teeth and which one is known as cheek teeth ?
2123
gnawing teeth : insiscors
cheek teeth : molars
What is the meaning of diastema?
gaps in teeth
Which type of teeth makes tusks of elephant?
upper incisor
Which type of teeth makes the tusks of walrus?
canine teeth
What are the componets of the pulp cavity ?
blood vessel
nerve
lymph
What leads to the formation of the dentine?
odontoblast
What leads to the formation of enamel?
ameloblast
What joins the teeth to the gums
peri odontal ligaments
What is the gap present form where the teeth grows called?
apical foramen
What are the compoenets of the enamel?
(Ca , Mg, K ,Na ) — 96% inorganic part ‘
H2O
organic part( enamelin , amelogenin )
What happens if the apical foramen does not close?
polyphyodont
In which part of the large intestine are the micro organisms present?
caecum
Name an animal in which the appendix is not vestigeal?
rabbit
What forms the taenia coli?
the transverse muscles in the colon
What is the pouch like structure in the lumen of the intesetine called? Why does it occur?
huastra
because of the presence of taenae coli
What are the various parts of the colon?
ascending
transverse
desending
sigmoid
What is the function of rectum ?
to store the shit
Name a cheek teeth?
premolar and molar
What separates the nasal chamber and the buccal cavity?
by the palate
What is the percentage of water in the enamel?
3 %
What are the layers of the alimentayr canal ?
seosa
muscularis
sub mucosa
mucosa
What is the composition of tunica advetitia?
WFCT + areolar tisseu
Where do we find maximum peristalsis?
stomach
Where do we find minimum peristalsis?
in the rectum
What are the three parts of hte mucosa?
outer part : mucosal muscularis
middle part : lamina proparia
inner part : musosal layer
Where do we find simple stratified epithelium in the mucosa?
oesophagus
Where do we find pointed villi?
in ileum and jejunum
In which layer do we find payers patches?
in hte middle layer ( lamina proparia
Where is the maiximum number of vili?
jejunum
Where do we find brunner gland what what is its funciton?
we can find it in the sub mucoa of duodenum
it makes the medium in the intestine alkaline
Where do we find paneth cells?
jejunum ( mucosal layes)
What is the secretion of the paneth cells?
defensin + lysozyme
What is the function of payer’s patches?
intestinal tonsil , they provide immunity
What is the function of myntric nerve or aeurbach nerve?
it controls the contraction of the longitudinal muscles
What is the function of messiners nerve?
it leads to the contraction of teh circular muscles
What are the three salivary glands?
paratoid : saliva and enzyme
sub mandibular : saliva
sub lingual : saliva
Which is the largest salivary glands?
the paratoid
Which is salivary gladns secretes the most saliva?
sub maxilarry
What is the composition of saliva ?
ptyalin lysozyme and thiocynate Na + , K + and Cl- HCO3 -- IgA urea and uric acid
Which nerve controls the saliva secretion ?
cranial nerve 7 and 9
From which germinal layer does the liver form from?
endoderm
What divides the right and left liver lobes?
faliciform ligaments
What fraction of the liver is the right and the left liver>?
5/6 right and 1/6 left liver
What are the two pancreatic ducts and which one is functional?
duct of wirsung ( functional )
duct of santorani ( non functional)
What is ampulla of vater?
a bit of buldge in the spinchter of oddi is called ampulla of vater
What is the structural and functional unti fo liver?
hepatic lobules
What covers the hepatic lobules ?
glissons capsule
Name some animals where the gall bladder is missing ?
lemprey , whale and horse
What is the duct of choledocus?
it is the common path of the Common bile duct and the pancreatic duct
duct of choledocus is the path
and spinchter of oddi is the regulator
What are the cells responsible for the purification of blood in liver?
kupffer cells and splenocytes
What is the meaning of ornithine cycle?
deamination of urea
What can happen if fats is stored in the liver (* more fats) ?
fatty liver cirrhosis
Which plasma protein cannot be syntheised by the liver
gamma globulin
How is vitamin A synthesized in teh liver?
vitamin A syntehsized in the liver with help of beta carotene
What ar the vitamins that are stored by the liver?
D,E,A,K, B 12
What are clotting factors released by the liver?
1,2,5,7,9,10
What is caused by the deficency of selenium in the liver?
liver necrosis
Whihc cells prodcue the bilie juice in the liver?
parenchyma cells
What is the pH of the bile?
8 pH
What is the composition of bile salt?
pigment ( bilirubin and biliverdin)
K+ , Na+
Bile salt ( Na , bicarbonate, carbonate, Cl , tauracholate and glycholate )
cholesterol
lecinith
What are things on which the micelles form?
fats, cholesterol , phospholipid and vitamins
Where is the bile salt absorbed back?
in the ileum
What is the other name of gall stone?
cholelithiasis
What happens due jaundice?
yellow skin , cornea, nails , urine
From where does the pancrease develop from ?
form the endoderm
What is acinii and islets of langerhands?
islets of langerhans: nedocrine part
acinni : it is the exocrine part
Which duct controls the cmmon bile duct?
spinchter of boyden
What stimulates the pancrease?
pancreozymin
Which instesinal juice is odoriferous?
the pancreatic juice
How much pancreatic juice in a day and what is the pH of the pancreastic juice?
1 - 1.5 L, it ranges from 7.5 to 8.3
What is the makor site of breakdown of the amino acids ?
in the jejunum and ileum
What is mucin ?
it is a glycoprotein that helps in lubrication
What type of starch is digested by ptyalin?
cooked starch
How much gastric juice perday?
2 - 3 L
What acts of the molk protien in the absence of rennin ?
pepsin, carboxypeptidase , HCl
What is teh function of rennin?
cassein — Ca paracassienat
Where deos most and the least of the digestion take place in the stomach ?
most - body
least - fundic
What are the two orifice inthe stomach?
the cardiac and the pyloric orifice
What is the haitus ?
it is the opening in the diaphram
What passes through the haitus ?
oesophagus and the vagus nerve
On what deos Gastrin , secretin , CCK and GIP work on ?
Gastrin : HCl + pepsin secretion
secretin: water and HCO3- ions
CCK: pancreatic enzyme and bile juice
GIP : inhibits hte gastric secretio
On what deos CCK act on?
pancrease and gall bladder
What stimulates the liver?
hepatocrinin
What some other local hormones?
vilikinin
duocrinin
enterocrinin
VIP : vasoactive intestinal peptide
What are ht etypes of cells in teh stomach ?
Cheif cells ( peptic cells)
parietal cells ( HCl)
Gastric endocrine cells :
G : gastrin
D: somatostatin
EC : serotonin and histamine
What is meaning of argentagraffin?
serotonin is secreted by this cell
What breaks the sucrose?
i=ydrolase invertase
What is the other name of fat digesting enyme?
steapsin
What are hte digestion that takes place in the duodenum?
protein, carb, fats, nuclic acid
protein :( trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin )
carbohydrate: ( pacreatic alpha amylase )
fats( pancreatic lipase ,cholesterol esterase phospholipase )
DNA and RNA ase (remember this)
What are the digestions that takes place in the jejunum and ileum?
dipeptide ( erepsin)
large peptide( amin peptadase )
disaccharide : ( hydrolase invertase , maltase , lactase)
nucleic acid ( nucleotidase and nucleosidase )
Where does hte maximum digestion take place?
in the duodenum
Where does the maximum absorption take place?
jejunum
Where is digestion of food completed?
ileum
What is the function of zymase ?
sugar —- ethanol + CO 2
What are teh things that are absorbed by active transport?
`
How is water absorbed?
osmotic pressure
What is absorbed in mouth ?
certain drugs like nicotine
What is absorbed in the stomahc?
alcohol , sugar and water
What is absorbed in the small intestine?
glucose, fructoese , fatty acid , glycerol and amino acids
What is absorbed in teh large intestine?
water
minerals
drugs
Where is Ca and Fe absorbed?
in the duodenum
How is fat trasnported to the blood?
lacteal | left thoraicic lymph duct | left subclavian vein | vena cava
How are substances other than fat transported into th eblood?
mesentric vein | hepatic portal vein | liver | liver | hepatic vein | vena cave
In which vein does the food go into before going into the hepatic portal vein ?
mesentric vein
What is the physiological values of carb , protein , fats per gm?
carb : 4 kcal
protein : 4 kcal
fats : 9 kcal
What is the gross energy value of carb , protien , fats?
cars : 4.1 kcal
protein : 5.65 kcal
fats : 9.45 kcal
When is NH3 produced in our body?
conversion of amino acids into glucose by gluconeogenesis
Why is stool yellow?
stercobilin , urobillin
Why does stool smell?
H2S , scatole , indole , CH4 and tryptophan
What is the meaning of kwshoirkor?
more than one year
less protien only
wasting muslces
oedema
swollen skin
no prominents ribs
What is hte meaning of marasmus?
less than one year
deficiency in protein and calories both
no oedema
old mans face
can show prominent ribs
What can be result of kwashoirkor and marasmus?
can effect the mental and physical growth
What cah happen due to over intake of vit D ?
calcium deposit in the solft organs , hypercalcaemia , nausea, anorexia
What can happen due to excessive intake of vit A ?
lack of apetitie , itching and rash
What can happen due to hyperflourisi?
brownish teeth
Why does nausea precees vomiting?
ejection of the matter in the stomach
this reflex is controlled by medulla thus nuasea is preseeds vomiting
What are hte causes of indigestion?
inadequate enzyme , anziety , food poisoning , over eating and spicy food
Which hormone was first discovered?
secretin
Which is the first extracted vitamin ?
vit B 1
What happens due to the deficiency of vit A?
What is the other name of vitamin A ?
retinol
night blindness
xerophthalmia
dermatitis
What happens due to the deficinecy og vit B1 ?
what is the other name of vit B 1?
thiamine
beri beri
poly neutritis
cardio vascular antorpy
What happens due to deficiency of vit B2 ?
What is the other anme of vit B2?
riboflavin
glossitis
keratitis
cheilosis
What is caused by deficiency of vit B12 ? what is the other name of vit B 12?
cyano cobalamine
perniicious anaemia
What is the caused by the deficiency of vit C?
scurvy
anaemia
joint pain
What is caused by the deficiency of vit D?
rickets ( kids)
osteomalacia ( adults)
What is caused by the deficinecy of vit E ? What is the other name of vitamin E?
tocopherol
macrocytic anemia , muscular dystropy and infertiltiy
What is caused by the deficinecy of vit E ? What is the other name of vitamin E?
tocopherol / antisterility / beauty vitamin
macrocytic anemia , muscular dystropy and infertiltiy
What is the other name of vitamin K?What is caused by the deficiency of vitamin K?
phylloquinone
severe bleeding
What is the funciton of enterogastrin?
lowers the gastric secretion
Whihc is the fastest absorbed molecule and how are they absorbed?
galactose, active transport
What is does the word "digestion" mean? burning of food oxidation of food hydrolysis of food breakdown of food?
hydrolysis of food
Which part of the small intestine absorb , iron , calcium and amino acids?
duodenum
jejunum
both of the above
duodenum and jejunum
Where does the digestion of protein is completed?
duodenum
ilium
both of the above
digestion of protein starts in the stomach and ends in the small intestine. Duodenum is the main digestion part of the alimentary canal , while ileum is relared with absorptive function
Where does demination take place?
liver
kidney
both of hte above
liver and kidney
What metal is present in the B12?
cobalt , and it is dark red in color
Which vitamin is the anti sterility vitamin?
Vit E, tocopherol
Which are the eight essential amino acids for human?
P: phenylaline
V : valine
T : threonin
T:
I : isoleucine
M : methionine
H
A
L : lysin
L: Lleucine,
Which vitamin has antioxidant property?
Vit C
Which vitamin is called niacin and what is its deficiency called?
Vit B 3
pellagra
What is the dentition oryctolagus?
2/1 0/0 3/2 3/3
Which is the most abundant mineral in animals?
Ca
In infant the process of defecation occurs by?
involuntary with reflex action
Which one of the following elements is essentail for the life of animals and not for plants? calcium iodine phosphorus potassium
iodine
Where is the protein angiotensin produced and secreted? macula densa cells endothelial cells liver cells juxtaglomerular cells
angiotensin is made by the LIVER cells but are secreted in resoponse to renin which is secreted by the kidney
Describe the process of digestion of milk in humans?
milk protein cassienogen is acted upon by pepsin to convet into cassein
cassien reacts with Ca to form Ca paracassienate
then it is acted upon by HCl, pepsin , and cymotrypsin
Which of the follwing vitamin is alcohol present? vit D vit B2 vit B5 vit C
vit D
What is Wilsons disease?
it is the manifestation of Cu in human stomach, liver and urne
Which organ is responsible for the carboydrate metabolism regulatin? What are the funcitons?
liver glycogenesis glucogenesis glycogenolysis glyconeogenesis (from lactic acid)
What is the compound that is used for glycogen production in the liver and where does it get it from?
from lactic acid from muscles cells
What are the functions of liver?
secretion and sythesis of bile
carbohydrate metaboilsm ( glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glyconeogeneis )
storage of fats
deamination of urea formation
purification of blood
sythesis of plasma protein ( except gamma globulins)
sythesis of heparin
sythesis of vitamin A
stores vitamins : D, E , K , A, B 12
Storage of minerals
haemopoiesis
secretion of enzymes
prothrombin and fibrinogen protein
factors 1,2,3,5,7,9,10
