1.1 : Diversity in the living world Flashcards
1
Q
Who is the father of zoology?
A
Aristotle
2
Q
Who is the father of biology ?
A
Aristotle
3
Q
Who is the father of botany?
A
Threophrastus
4
Q
Who is the farther of modern taxonomy ?
A
Carolus Linneaus
5
Q
Who is known as the 20 th century darwin?
A
Ernst Mayer
6
Q
What are the defining property of life?
A
consiousness
cellular organization
metabolism
7
Q
What are the non defining features of life?
A
growth and reproduction
8
Q
What is the opposite of growth ?
A
degrowth
9
Q
Where does indetermined growth take place?
A
in plant s
10
Q
Where does determined growth take place?
A
in animals
11
Q
Which type of growth is a charecteristic property of life?
A
intrinsic growth is defining property of life
12
Q
Name some organimss that reproduced by asexual spored?
A
algae and fungi
13
Q
Name some organisms that reproduces by buding?
A
yeast and hydra
14
Q
Name some organisms that reproduced by fragmentation ?
A
flamentous algae and protonema of mosses
15
Q
Who proposed the word taxonomy
A
A. P. de Candole
16
Q
What are the steps in taxonomy?
A
identification
classification
nomenclature
characterization
17
Q
Who gave the term systematics?
A
Linnaeus
18
Q
What is the meaning of cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy?
A
cytotaxonomy: the study of things like chromosomes etc
chemostaxonomy : study of chemicals preset in the cyctoplasm of the cell like: resin , tannins etc
19
Q
Where is maximum diversity found ?
A
in hte rain forests
20
Q
Where ist he second highest bio diversity found? What is sepcial about them?
A
in the coral reefs they have high amount of CaCO3
21
Q
How many known species of plants and animals are there?
A
- 2 million animal speices
0. 5 plant species
22
Q
In which book did Linneuas give the principle of nomenclature ?
A
pilosophia botanica (1751)
23
Q
In which book did Linneuas give the principle of binomial nomenclature for the first time?
A
Specie plantarum (1753)
24
Q
In which book did Linneuas give the principle of binomial nomenclature for animals?
A
Systema Naturae (1758)
25
When was ICBN accepted?
1961
26
When was ICBN revised?
1975
27
Are tautonyms present for animals/ plants
not for plants
28
Is the scientist name underlines?
no
29
Why latin language is used for nomenclature?
becuase it is a dead language
30
What are the types of biological classification ?
practicla classification
artificial classification
natural classificaton
31
What were some of the grouos in the practical classification?
oil yeilding plant
| medicinal plant etc
32
What is the basis of the artificial classifcaiton>
equal weitage to both reproductive and morphological features
33
In which book is the artificial classification first described and who discovered it ? How many plant classes are there and what were the families in it and what were the number of classes in each of the faimily ?
```
Species Plantarum ( by Carolus Linneuas)
24 plant classes
FAMILIES :
phanerogammes : 23 class
cryptogammae : 1 class
```
34
On what characteristics did Linneuas divide the plants into ?
on the basis of presence and absence of androceom and gaenocium
35
What are the characteristics chosen for natural classification ?
gross morphology
36
What are the types of natural classfication ? Which one is known as cladistic classification?
natural formal : phylogeny is not considered
natural phylogenetic : phyolgeny is considered
natural phylogenetic is known as the cladistic classificaiton
37
Who proposed the term phylogeny?
Lamarck
38
Who wrote the boo ORIGIN OF SPECIES?
Charles Darwin
39
Which classification is known as cladistic classification ?
phylogenetic classification
40
What is phenetic classification?
classification using computers
41
What are the two types of categoreis in the taxonomical heirarchy?
obligate and non obligate
42
What are the obligate categories?
```
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
```
43
What is the biggest category ? What are the different types of domains according to the six kingdm classificaation/
domain
arachae, bacteria, eukarya ( 6 kingdom classification)
44
What is the biggest obligate category ?
kingdom
45
What is the name of wheat and what are its taxonomical herarchy?
```
t. aestivium
tritium
poaceae
poales
monocot
angiosperm
plantae
```
46
What is the suffix used for divison?
phyta
47
What is the suffix used for sub division?
phytina
48
What is the suffix used for class?
opsida , phyceae
49
What is the suffix used for order ?
ales
50
What is the suffix used for family?
aceae
51
What is the suffix used for sub family?
oidae
52
What is a herbarium? What are the dimensions of herbarium sheets? does it have the local name or the sceintific name?
it is a store house of dead plant
11.5 - 16.5
both the local name and the scientific name
53
What is the other name of dry garden?
herbarium
54
How are insects and large animals stored in the herbarium?
insects: they are killed and then they are pinned
| large animals: they are killed and stuffed with cotton and sometimes their skeleton are found
55
What ist he purpose of having zoos?
they are used to study the behaviour of animals in a human made artificial space
56
What is the use of flora?
it is used to store the information of the plants in a area
57
What is the use of a catalogue?
it is a special books which contains books for special botanical books
58
What is the use of manual?
it provides information of a particular type of plant like aquatic or terestrial plant
59
Who gave the term neotaxonomy?
julian huxley
60
Who is the founder of Binomial classification?
c lineuas
61
Which taxon gives the highest information about an animal?
order
62
In between which taxon is tribe located?
in between species and genus
63
What is the use of monograph?
is gives information about a single type of plant like monocot or dicot
64
Where is the national botanical research institue india located?
lucknow
65
Where is the indian botanical garden located?
howrah
66
Who gave the concept of species? and who named it?
John Ray
67
What are the two types of species and who proposed them?
Biological Concept of classification : interbreeding
| Taxonomical Concept of classification : basis of morphology
68
Who proposed the biological concept of speices?
Ernst Mayr
69
Male : donkey and Female : horse ?
mule
70
Male : horse and female : donkey?
hinny
71
What are the groups made by Aristotle for plants and animals?
animals: presence and absence of red blood
plants: herbs , shrubs and tree
72
What is the book written by threophrastus?
Historia Plantarum
73
What are the terms proposed by threophrastus ?
annual
biannual
perennial
74
Give some examples of biannual plant?
cabbage and carrot
75
What are the classification made up by threophrastus for plants?
Herbs, under shrubs, shrubs and tree
76
What is the meaning of a curator?
they are the scientist who works in a botanical garden
77
How many family did Bentham and Hooker found? And how many family in each of gymnosperm , monocot and dicot ?
202 families
dicot : 165 families
monocot: 34 families
gymnosperms : 3
78
What is the phylogenetic order according to bentham and hooker? is it true of false?
dicot === gymnosperm ==== monocot
it is not correct
79
What is the real phylogeny according to modern science in the spermatophyte?
gymnosperm === dicot ==== monocot
80
Who is the founder of 2 kingdom classification? What are hte two kingdoms?
Carolus Linneaus
| plants and animals
81
What are the groups in the 3 kingdom classification? and what were the organisms that were transferred to the third group?nWho gave this three kingdom classification?
plants, animals and protista
fungi , algae, bacteria , protozoa and porifera were trasferred to PROTISTA
Haekel
82
What are hte grops in the 4 kingdom classification? Who gave this classificaiton system ? What were the new organisms trasferred to the next group?
plants, animals , protista and monera
bacteria were trasferred to monera whereas fungi remained in the protista
Copeland
83
How many kingdoms of five kingdom classificaiton ?
plants, animals, fungi , protista, monera
84
Number of prokaryotes according to the five kingdom classification?
1
85
Number of eukaryotes according to the five kingdom classification?
4
86
Number of unicellular according to the five kingdom classification?
2
87
Number of multicellular according to the five kingdom classification?
3
88
Number of autotrophs according to the five kingdom classification?
3
89
Number of heterotrophs according to the five kingdom classification?
4
90
Number of producers according to the five kingdom classification?
3
91
Number of conumers according to the five kingdom classification?
3
92
Number of decomposer according to the five kingdom classification?
3
93
From which type of organims did plant, fungi and animals derive from?
protista
94
From which type of organism did algae originate from?
BGA===dinoflagellates=== algae
95
From which organisms did fungi derive from ?
Actinomycetes (gram positive bacteria) ==== slime mould=== phycomycetes====actinomyetes====basidiomycetes
96
What do you mean by morpholaxia and epimorposis ?
they are both types of regeneration
epimorphosis takes place in a lizard
morpholaxia takes place in a planaria
97
Which is the technically most complicated process?
1) growth
2) reproduction
3) consiciousness
3) consiciousness
98
Does every organism show self consiousness and which organism show it then? is it a chareceristic feature of life?
self consiciousness is shown by only humans
| no it is not a charecteristics feature of life as it is not shown by all living organims
99
What is the largest phylum?
arthropoda
100
What is the second largest phylum?
molluscs
101
In the following there are how many bioloical species and how many taxonomical speceis?
cabbage, cauliflower, knol-knol
1 - taxonomical species (they have the same morphology )
| 3 - biological species (they cannot reproduce amongst themselves)
102
Where did tissue originate for the first time in the plant kingdom?
bryophyta
103
What is th ebasis of differentiating between families in plants?
on the basis of reproductive and morpolgy
104
What is the basis of differentiating between order?
flower
105
Was the Bentham and Hooker classification artificial or natural classification ?
natural but phylogeny is not considered
106
Is Linneuas classification artificial or natural ?
artificial
107
What is the cell wall of prokaryote made up of?
```
peptidoglycan (murine ) :
mannose
glucose
galactose
amino acids( NAG and NAMA)
```
108
Where are virus , prions and lichens , viroids placed in the five kingdom classificaiton?
they are not specified
109
What is the basis of the six kingdom classificaiton ?
on the basis of 16s-rRNA
110
What are the rRNA present in a ribosome 70s ?
70s:
50s : 23s rRNA , 5s rRNA
30s : 16s rRNA
111
What are the three domains in the six kingdom classificaiotn ?
archae : archaebacteria
monera : eubacteria
eukaryotes: protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
112
Who made the 3 domain 6 kingdom system?
Carl Woese
113
What are the criteria used for the five kingdom classificaiton ?
```
cell structure
complexetiy of organism
mode of nutrition
reproduction
phylogenetic relationship
```
114
What is the meaning of systema?
systematic arrangement
115
According to five kingdom classification how many kingdoms have multicellular heterotrophs?
2 animalia and fungi
116
What is the function of hte perplasmic space of a bacteria analogous to ?
the lysosome
117
Is peptidoglycan cell wall a charecteristic feature of bacteria?
yes
118
Who first noticed bacteria? What did he call them and where did he find them?
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
he called them animalcules
he found them on rainy water and teeth scum
119
What are the type of bacteria on the basis of their shape?
coccus
bacillus
siprilla
vibrio
120
Give an examples of coccus , bacillus, spirilla , and vibrio ?
bacillus :E coli
coccus : microsoccus
spirilla : spirillum volutans and trponema
vibrio : vibrio cholera
121
What are the various types of bacteria on the basis of lfagella?
1) atrochouds ( no flagella )
2) mono trichous ( one flagella)
3) amphitrichous (one flagella on both sides)
4) lophotrichous (many flagella on both the sides)
5) cephoalotrichous (many flagella on one side)
6) peritrichous ( flagella all over the bacteria )
122
Give an examples of peritrihous bacteira?
E. Coli
123
What are the rings in a gram negative bacteira and gram positive bactiera?
L,P,S,M : Gram negative
| S,M: gram positive
124
What are the types of pilli and what are their funcitons?
shorter pillia : fimbrae : attachment (infectious)
| longer pilli : sex pilli conjugation
125
Do we find sex pillia in F+ or F- bacteira?
in F+ bacteira
126
What are the two forms of glycocalyx? What is their composition ? Which one is more infectious ? Which one forms colonies?
CAPSULE : polysaccharide + poly peptide
SLIMY LAYER : polysaccharide
CAPSULE LAYER : they are infectious
SLIMY LAYER : they form colones
127
How is hte bacteiral cell wall removed? What is the bacterial cell without cell wall called?
with the help of lysozyme
L form or lister form
128
How many membrane layer does the mycoplasma have?
3 layer of plasma membarne
129
What are the types of mesosomes and what are their funcitons?
central messome : DNA replication
| peripheral mesosomes : respiration
130
What are the types of storage granules ?
1) GLYCOGEN GRANULES : store carbohydrates
2) VOLUTIN GRANULES : rtore phosphate and nitrogen in the form of RNA
3) CYANOPHYCEAN GRANULES : store nitrogen
131
What are the tyeps of plasmid?
1) F factor : fertilization
2) R factro : resistance to antibiotics
3) Ti factoe : tumour inducing factor
132
What is episome and what are bacteria with episome called?
genophore + plasmid = episome
they are called HFr ( high frequency recombinant )
133
How do we stain the bactieria in the gram stain? Which type of bacteria takes the stain and which one doesnt?
crystal violet == KI == wash with alcohol
G+ === takes the stain
G- ==== takes the stain
134
How do we stain the Gram - ve bacteira?
with the help of safrannine
135
What is the difference between the wall of gram positive and gram negative bacteira?
Which one has more lipid and whihc one has more peptidoglycan?
gram positive bacteira is smooth
gram positive bacteira is rough
Gram positive: more peptidoglycan
gram negative: more lipid
136
Which type of bacteria contains techroic acid? Gram positie or gram negative?
gram positive bacteira contains techeoic acid
137
Give an examples of photolithtroph ?
PURPLE SULPHUR ANIMATION : cromatin
Green sulphur bacteria
chlorobium
thiotrix
138
Give an examoles of photolithotroph?
purple non suphur bacteria
rhodospirillum
rhodopseudomonas
139
What is the bacteria that forms nitrate and nitrate? Chemolithotroph?
nitrite : (NO-) nitro coccus
| nitrate : NO3- nitrobacter
140
Give some example of chemooragno troph?
methanogens
141
Does bacteria form O2 ?
O2 is never formed by a bacteria
142
What are the tyeps of saprotrophic bacteria and give examples?
obligate saprorophic: Bacllus vulgaris , Clostridium Botulinium
Facultative parasitic: pseudomonas , stapphylacoccus
143
What are the types of parasitic bacteira?
obligate parasitic bacteria : mycobacterium leprae,
facultative saprotrophic: mycobacterium tubercolosis
144
Give an exampels of sybiotic bacteira?
rhizobium
145
What are the tyeps of aerobic bacteria and give exampels?
```
Obligate aerobic (aztobacter)
Facultativ aerobic ( acetobacter aceti and tubercolosis)
```
146
What are the types of anaerobic bacteria and give examples?
obligate anaerobic (clostridium botilinium )
facultative anaerobic ( lactobacillus lactis)
147
Where did we find sexual reproduction for the first time?
protista
148
What are the tyeps of reproduction in bacteira?
binary fission
| endospore formation
149
What type of bacteria that forms endospore? What are the different layers in endospore? What is the cortex of the cortex made up of?
gram +ve
bacillus ,clostridium
exospore
cortex ( Ca dipicolidate )
core wall
plasma membrane
150
What are the types of sexual reproduction ?
TRANSFORMATION
CONJUGAITON
TRANSDUCTION
151
Sexual reproduction is absent in bacteria why?
1) gamete formation doesnt take place
2) fiusion of gamete doesnt take place
3) zygote formation doesnt take place
4) meisosis is absent
(1) gamete formation doesnt take place
152
What happens when we heat the S III strain of the pneumonia bacteira?
protein denatures
| dna strands separate
153
What is the result of F- and F- bacteira and again in HFr and F- bacteira?
F- X F- = F+ and F+
Hfr and F- === F- remains F-
154
How does transduciton happen?
with the help of virus
155
Give some examples of denitrificans and amonification bacteira>
ammonificaiton batiera : Bacillus Vulgaris
B. Mycodus
B. Ramosus
Denitrification :
1) Pseudomonas denitrificans
2) thiobacillus denitrificans
3) micrococcus denitrificans
156
What are the various types of symbiotic nitrogen fixation ?
Root nodules of legumes : rhizobium
Stem nodules of Sebania : azorhizobium
root nodules of non legumes : frankia ( casuria and alnus )
157
What are the various bacteria that performs asymbiotic nitrogen fixation ?
1. Aztobacter
2. Azospirillum
3. Beijernikia
4. Clostridium
5. Chromatians
6. Rhodomicrobium
7. Rhodospirillum
8. Rhodopseudomonas
158
What are the angiosperm to which bacteria forms nodules for nitrogen fixation and what is the type of bacteira?
casuria and alnus
frankia
159
What are the bacteira that converts milk into curd?
streptococcus lactis
| lactobacillus lactis
160
What are the bacteria used for genetic engineering?
E Coli
| Agrobacterium Tumerifacieus
161
What causes
1) Cholera
2) typhoid
3) tetanus
4) tubercolosis
1) vibrio cholerae
2) salmonella typhoid
3) clostridiu tentany
4) mycobacterium tuberculosis
162
What causes
1) citrus canker
2) crown gall disease
3) bacteria leaf blight
1) xanthomonas citri
2) agrobacterium tumerifacin
3) xanthomonas enzyme
163
What is the first discovered anti biotics?
penicillium
164
Wha tis the first discovered bacterial antobiotics?
streptomycin
