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Porsche 911 turboS > 1.1 : Diversity in the living world > Flashcards

1.1 : Diversity in the living world Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the father of zoology?

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

Who is the father of biology ?

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

Who is the father of botany?

A

Threophrastus

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4
Q

Who is the farther of modern taxonomy ?

A

Carolus Linneaus

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5
Q

Who is known as the 20 th century darwin?

A

Ernst Mayer

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6
Q

What are the defining property of life?

A

consiousness
cellular organization
metabolism

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7
Q

What are the non defining features of life?

A

growth and reproduction

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8
Q

What is the opposite of growth ?

A

degrowth

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9
Q

Where does indetermined growth take place?

A

in plant s

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10
Q

Where does determined growth take place?

A

in animals

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11
Q

Which type of growth is a charecteristic property of life?

A

intrinsic growth is defining property of life

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12
Q

Name some organimss that reproduced by asexual spored?

A

algae and fungi

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13
Q

Name some organisms that reproduces by buding?

A

yeast and hydra

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14
Q

Name some organisms that reproduced by fragmentation ?

A

flamentous algae and protonema of mosses

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15
Q

Who proposed the word taxonomy

A

A. P. de Candole

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16
Q

What are the steps in taxonomy?

A

identification
classification
nomenclature
characterization

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17
Q

Who gave the term systematics?

A

Linnaeus

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18
Q

What is the meaning of cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy?

A

cytotaxonomy: the study of things like chromosomes etc

chemostaxonomy : study of chemicals preset in the cyctoplasm of the cell like: resin , tannins etc

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19
Q

Where is maximum diversity found ?

A

in hte rain forests

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20
Q

Where ist he second highest bio diversity found? What is sepcial about them?

A

in the coral reefs they have high amount of CaCO3

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21
Q

How many known species of plants and animals are there?

A
  1. 2 million animal speices

0. 5 plant species

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22
Q

In which book did Linneuas give the principle of nomenclature ?

A

pilosophia botanica (1751)

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23
Q

In which book did Linneuas give the principle of binomial nomenclature for the first time?

A

Specie plantarum (1753)

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24
Q

In which book did Linneuas give the principle of binomial nomenclature for animals?

A

Systema Naturae (1758)

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25
Q

When was ICBN accepted?

A

1961

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26
Q

When was ICBN revised?

A

1975

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27
Q

Are tautonyms present for animals/ plants

A

not for plants

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28
Q

Is the scientist name underlines?

A

no

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29
Q

Why latin language is used for nomenclature?

A

becuase it is a dead language

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30
Q

What are the types of biological classification ?

A

practicla classification
artificial classification
natural classificaton

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31
Q

What were some of the grouos in the practical classification?

A

oil yeilding plant

medicinal plant etc

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32
Q

What is the basis of the artificial classifcaiton>

A

equal weitage to both reproductive and morphological features

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33
Q

In which book is the artificial classification first described and who discovered it ? How many plant classes are there and what were the families in it and what were the number of classes in each of the faimily ?

A 
Species Plantarum ( by Carolus Linneuas) 
24 plant classes
FAMILIES :
phanerogammes : 23 class
cryptogammae : 1 class
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34
Q

On what characteristics did Linneuas divide the plants into ?

A

on the basis of presence and absence of androceom and gaenocium

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35
Q

What are the characteristics chosen for natural classification ?

A

gross morphology

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36
Q

What are the types of natural classfication ? Which one is known as cladistic classification?

A

natural formal : phylogeny is not considered
natural phylogenetic : phyolgeny is considered

natural phylogenetic is known as the cladistic classificaiton

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37
Q

Who proposed the term phylogeny?

A

Lamarck

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38
Q

Who wrote the boo ORIGIN OF SPECIES?

A

Charles Darwin

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39
Q

Which classification is known as cladistic classification ?

A

phylogenetic classification

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40
Q

What is phenetic classification?

A

classification using computers

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41
Q

What are the two types of categoreis in the taxonomical heirarchy?

A

obligate and non obligate

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42
Q

What are the obligate categories?

A 
kingdom 
phylum
class 
order 
family 
genus 
species
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43
Q

What is the biggest category ? What are the different types of domains according to the six kingdm classificaation/

A

domain

arachae, bacteria, eukarya ( 6 kingdom classification)

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44
Q

What is the biggest obligate category ?

A

kingdom

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45
Q

What is the name of wheat and what are its taxonomical herarchy?

A 
t. aestivium
tritium
poaceae 
poales 
monocot 
angiosperm 
plantae
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46
Q

What is the suffix used for divison?

A

phyta

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47
Q

What is the suffix used for sub division?

A

phytina

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48
Q

What is the suffix used for class?

A

opsida , phyceae

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49
Q

What is the suffix used for order ?

A

ales

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50
Q

What is the suffix used for family?

A

aceae

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51
Q

What is the suffix used for sub family?

A

oidae

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52
Q

What is a herbarium? What are the dimensions of herbarium sheets? does it have the local name or the sceintific name?

A

it is a store house of dead plant
11.5 - 16.5
both the local name and the scientific name

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53
Q

What is the other name of dry garden?

A

herbarium

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54
Q

How are insects and large animals stored in the herbarium?

A

insects: they are killed and then they are pinned

large animals: they are killed and stuffed with cotton and sometimes their skeleton are found

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55
Q

What ist he purpose of having zoos?

A

they are used to study the behaviour of animals in a human made artificial space

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56
Q

What is the use of flora?

A

it is used to store the information of the plants in a area

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57
Q

What is the use of a catalogue?

A

it is a special books which contains books for special botanical books

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58
Q

What is the use of manual?

A

it provides information of a particular type of plant like aquatic or terestrial plant

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59
Q

Who gave the term neotaxonomy?

A

julian huxley

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60
Q

Who is the founder of Binomial classification?

A

c lineuas

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61
Q

Which taxon gives the highest information about an animal?

A

order

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62
Q

In between which taxon is tribe located?

A

in between species and genus

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63
Q

What is the use of monograph?

A

is gives information about a single type of plant like monocot or dicot

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64
Q

Where is the national botanical research institue india located?

A

lucknow

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65
Q

Where is the indian botanical garden located?

A

howrah

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66
Q

Who gave the concept of species? and who named it?

A

John Ray

67
Q

What are the two types of species and who proposed them?

A

Biological Concept of classification : interbreeding

Taxonomical Concept of classification : basis of morphology

68
Q

Who proposed the biological concept of speices?

A

Ernst Mayr

69
Q

Male : donkey and Female : horse ?

A

mule

70
Q

Male : horse and female : donkey?

A

hinny

71
Q

What are the groups made by Aristotle for plants and animals?

A

animals: presence and absence of red blood
plants: herbs , shrubs and tree

72
Q

What is the book written by threophrastus?

A

Historia Plantarum

73
Q

What are the terms proposed by threophrastus ?

A

annual
biannual
perennial

74
Q

Give some examples of biannual plant?

A

cabbage and carrot

75
Q

What are the classification made up by threophrastus for plants?

A

Herbs, under shrubs, shrubs and tree

76
Q

What is the meaning of a curator?

A

they are the scientist who works in a botanical garden

77
Q

How many family did Bentham and Hooker found? And how many family in each of gymnosperm , monocot and dicot ?

A

202 families
dicot : 165 families
monocot: 34 families
gymnosperms : 3

78
Q

What is the phylogenetic order according to bentham and hooker? is it true of false?

A

dicot === gymnosperm ==== monocot

it is not correct

79
Q

What is the real phylogeny according to modern science in the spermatophyte?

A

gymnosperm === dicot ==== monocot

80
Q

Who is the founder of 2 kingdom classification? What are hte two kingdoms?

A

Carolus Linneaus

plants and animals

81
Q

What are the groups in the 3 kingdom classification? and what were the organisms that were transferred to the third group?nWho gave this three kingdom classification?

A

plants, animals and protista

fungi , algae, bacteria , protozoa and porifera were trasferred to PROTISTA

Haekel

82
Q

What are hte grops in the 4 kingdom classification? Who gave this classificaiton system ? What were the new organisms trasferred to the next group?

A

plants, animals , protista and monera

bacteria were trasferred to monera whereas fungi remained in the protista

Copeland

83
Q

How many kingdoms of five kingdom classificaiton ?

A

plants, animals, fungi , protista, monera

84
Q

Number of prokaryotes according to the five kingdom classification?

A

1

85
Q

Number of eukaryotes according to the five kingdom classification?

A

4

86
Q

Number of unicellular according to the five kingdom classification?

A

2

87
Q

Number of multicellular according to the five kingdom classification?

A

3

88
Q

Number of autotrophs according to the five kingdom classification?

A

3

89
Q

Number of heterotrophs according to the five kingdom classification?

A

4

90
Q

Number of producers according to the five kingdom classification?

A

3

91
Q

Number of conumers according to the five kingdom classification?

A

3

92
Q

Number of decomposer according to the five kingdom classification?

A

3

93
Q

From which type of organims did plant, fungi and animals derive from?

A

protista

94
Q

From which type of organism did algae originate from?

A

BGA===dinoflagellates=== algae

95
Q

From which organisms did fungi derive from ?

A

Actinomycetes (gram positive bacteria) ==== slime mould=== phycomycetes====actinomyetes====basidiomycetes

96
Q

What do you mean by morpholaxia and epimorposis ?

A

they are both types of regeneration
epimorphosis takes place in a lizard
morpholaxia takes place in a planaria

97
Q

Which is the technically most complicated process?

1) growth
2) reproduction
3) consiciousness

A

3) consiciousness

98
Q

Does every organism show self consiousness and which organism show it then? is it a chareceristic feature of life?

A

self consiciousness is shown by only humans

no it is not a charecteristics feature of life as it is not shown by all living organims

99
Q

What is the largest phylum?

A

arthropoda

100
Q

What is the second largest phylum?

A

molluscs

101
Q

In the following there are how many bioloical species and how many taxonomical speceis?

cabbage, cauliflower, knol-knol

A

1 - taxonomical species (they have the same morphology )

3 - biological species (they cannot reproduce amongst themselves)

102
Q

Where did tissue originate for the first time in the plant kingdom?

A

bryophyta

103
Q

What is th ebasis of differentiating between families in plants?

A

on the basis of reproductive and morpolgy

104
Q

What is the basis of differentiating between order?

A

flower

105
Q

Was the Bentham and Hooker classification artificial or natural classification ?

A

natural but phylogeny is not considered

106
Q

Is Linneuas classification artificial or natural ?

A

artificial

107
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryote made up of?

A 
peptidoglycan (murine ) : 
mannose 
glucose 
galactose 
amino acids( NAG and NAMA)
108
Q

Where are virus , prions and lichens , viroids placed in the five kingdom classificaiton?

A

they are not specified

109
Q

What is the basis of the six kingdom classificaiton ?

A

on the basis of 16s-rRNA

110
Q

What are the rRNA present in a ribosome 70s ?

A

70s:
50s : 23s rRNA , 5s rRNA
30s : 16s rRNA

111
Q

What are the three domains in the six kingdom classificaiotn ?

A

archae : archaebacteria
monera : eubacteria
eukaryotes: protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

112
Q

Who made the 3 domain 6 kingdom system?

A

Carl Woese

113
Q

What are the criteria used for the five kingdom classificaiton ?

A 
cell structure 
complexetiy of organism 
mode of nutrition 
reproduction 
phylogenetic relationship
114
Q

What is the meaning of systema?

A

systematic arrangement

115
Q

According to five kingdom classification how many kingdoms have multicellular heterotrophs?

A

2 animalia and fungi

116
Q

What is the function of hte perplasmic space of a bacteria analogous to ?

A

the lysosome

117
Q

Is peptidoglycan cell wall a charecteristic feature of bacteria?

A

yes

118
Q

Who first noticed bacteria? What did he call them and where did he find them?

A

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
he called them animalcules
he found them on rainy water and teeth scum

119
Q

What are the type of bacteria on the basis of their shape?

A

coccus
bacillus
siprilla
vibrio

120
Q

Give an examples of coccus , bacillus, spirilla , and vibrio ?

A

bacillus :E coli
coccus : microsoccus
spirilla : spirillum volutans and trponema
vibrio : vibrio cholera

121
Q

What are the various types of bacteria on the basis of lfagella?

A

1) atrochouds ( no flagella )
2) mono trichous ( one flagella)
3) amphitrichous (one flagella on both sides)
4) lophotrichous (many flagella on both the sides)
5) cephoalotrichous (many flagella on one side)
6) peritrichous ( flagella all over the bacteria )

122
Q

Give an examples of peritrihous bacteira?

A

E. Coli

123
Q

What are the rings in a gram negative bacteira and gram positive bactiera?

A

L,P,S,M : Gram negative

S,M: gram positive

124
Q

What are the types of pilli and what are their funcitons?

A

shorter pillia : fimbrae : attachment (infectious)

longer pilli : sex pilli conjugation

125
Q

Do we find sex pillia in F+ or F- bacteira?

A

in F+ bacteira

126
Q

What are the two forms of glycocalyx? What is their composition ? Which one is more infectious ? Which one forms colonies?

A

CAPSULE : polysaccharide + poly peptide
SLIMY LAYER : polysaccharide

CAPSULE LAYER : they are infectious
SLIMY LAYER : they form colones

127
Q

How is hte bacteiral cell wall removed? What is the bacterial cell without cell wall called?

A

with the help of lysozyme

L form or lister form

128
Q

How many membrane layer does the mycoplasma have?

A

3 layer of plasma membarne

129
Q

What are the types of mesosomes and what are their funcitons?

A

central messome : DNA replication

peripheral mesosomes : respiration

130
Q

What are the types of storage granules ?

A

1) GLYCOGEN GRANULES : store carbohydrates
2) VOLUTIN GRANULES : rtore phosphate and nitrogen in the form of RNA
3) CYANOPHYCEAN GRANULES : store nitrogen

131
Q

What are the tyeps of plasmid?

A

1) F factor : fertilization
2) R factro : resistance to antibiotics
3) Ti factoe : tumour inducing factor

132
Q

What is episome and what are bacteria with episome called?

A

genophore + plasmid = episome

they are called HFr ( high frequency recombinant )

133
Q

How do we stain the bactieria in the gram stain? Which type of bacteria takes the stain and which one doesnt?

A

crystal violet == KI == wash with alcohol

G+ === takes the stain
G- ==== takes the stain

134
Q

How do we stain the Gram - ve bacteira?

A

with the help of safrannine

135
Q

What is the difference between the wall of gram positive and gram negative bacteira?
Which one has more lipid and whihc one has more peptidoglycan?

A

gram positive bacteira is smooth
gram positive bacteira is rough

Gram positive: more peptidoglycan
gram negative: more lipid

136
Q

Which type of bacteria contains techroic acid? Gram positie or gram negative?

A

gram positive bacteira contains techeoic acid

137
Q

Give an examples of photolithtroph ?

A

PURPLE SULPHUR ANIMATION : cromatin
Green sulphur bacteria
chlorobium
thiotrix

138
Q

Give an examoles of photolithotroph?

A

purple non suphur bacteria
rhodospirillum
rhodopseudomonas

139
Q

What is the bacteria that forms nitrate and nitrate? Chemolithotroph?

A

nitrite : (NO-) nitro coccus

nitrate : NO3- nitrobacter

140
Q

Give some example of chemooragno troph?

A

methanogens

141
Q

Does bacteria form O2 ?

A

O2 is never formed by a bacteria

142
Q

What are the tyeps of saprotrophic bacteria and give examples?

A

obligate saprorophic: Bacllus vulgaris , Clostridium Botulinium

Facultative parasitic: pseudomonas , stapphylacoccus

143
Q

What are the types of parasitic bacteira?

A

obligate parasitic bacteria : mycobacterium leprae,

facultative saprotrophic: mycobacterium tubercolosis

144
Q

Give an exampels of sybiotic bacteira?

A

rhizobium

145
Q

What are the tyeps of aerobic bacteria and give exampels?

A 
Obligate aerobic (aztobacter)
Facultativ aerobic ( acetobacter aceti and tubercolosis)
146
Q

What are the types of anaerobic bacteria and give examples?

A

obligate anaerobic (clostridium botilinium )

facultative anaerobic ( lactobacillus lactis)

147
Q

Where did we find sexual reproduction for the first time?

A

protista

148
Q

What are the tyeps of reproduction in bacteira?

A

binary fission

endospore formation

149
Q

What type of bacteria that forms endospore? What are the different layers in endospore? What is the cortex of the cortex made up of?

A

gram +ve
bacillus ,clostridium

exospore
cortex ( Ca dipicolidate )
core wall
plasma membrane

150
Q

What are the types of sexual reproduction ?

A

TRANSFORMATION
CONJUGAITON
TRANSDUCTION

151
Q

Sexual reproduction is absent in bacteria why?

1) gamete formation doesnt take place
2) fiusion of gamete doesnt take place
3) zygote formation doesnt take place
4) meisosis is absent

A

(1) gamete formation doesnt take place

152
Q

What happens when we heat the S III strain of the pneumonia bacteira?

A

protein denatures

dna strands separate

153
Q

What is the result of F- and F- bacteira and again in HFr and F- bacteira?

A

F- X F- = F+ and F+

Hfr and F- === F- remains F-

154
Q

How does transduciton happen?

A

with the help of virus

155
Q

Give some examples of denitrificans and amonification bacteira>

A

ammonificaiton batiera : Bacillus Vulgaris
B. Mycodus
B. Ramosus

Denitrification :

1) Pseudomonas denitrificans
2) thiobacillus denitrificans
3) micrococcus denitrificans

156
Q

What are the various types of symbiotic nitrogen fixation ?

A

Root nodules of legumes : rhizobium

Stem nodules of Sebania : azorhizobium

root nodules of non legumes : frankia ( casuria and alnus )

157
Q

What are the various bacteria that performs asymbiotic nitrogen fixation ?

A
  1. Aztobacter
  2. Azospirillum
  3. Beijernikia
  4. Clostridium
  5. Chromatians
  6. Rhodomicrobium
  7. Rhodospirillum
  8. Rhodopseudomonas
158
Q

What are the angiosperm to which bacteria forms nodules for nitrogen fixation and what is the type of bacteira?

A

casuria and alnus

frankia

159
Q

What are the bacteira that converts milk into curd?

A

streptococcus lactis

lactobacillus lactis

160
Q

What are the bacteria used for genetic engineering?

A

E Coli

Agrobacterium Tumerifacieus

161
Q

What causes

1) Cholera
2) typhoid
3) tetanus
4) tubercolosis

A

1) vibrio cholerae
2) salmonella typhoid
3) clostridiu tentany
4) mycobacterium tuberculosis

162
Q

What causes

1) citrus canker
2) crown gall disease
3) bacteria leaf blight

A

1) xanthomonas citri
2) agrobacterium tumerifacin
3) xanthomonas enzyme

163
Q

What is the first discovered anti biotics?

A

penicillium

164
Q

Wha tis the first discovered bacterial antobiotics?

A

streptomycin

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