4.2 Breathing and exchange of gases Flashcards
Name some animals that respires through their whole body surface?
sponges , coelentarates, flatworms , tapeworms
Name some animals that respires with the help of moist cuticle?
earthworms
Name some animals that respires through rtacheal tubes ?
insects
Name some animals that respires with the help of gills?
aquatic arthopods and molluscs , fishes
How do frogs respire during hibernation ?
with their skin
What are the opening of the insects through which air enters called?
spiracles
Name the animals that respires with the help of skin simple diffusion ?
protozoa , porifera all the way to achelminthes
How does annelid respire?
moist cuticle
How do spiders respire?
book lungs
How do molluscs respire?
gills
How do echinoderms respire?
body surface
How do tadpole respire?
gills
What are the various classes in the arthropoda ?
insecta
arachnida
crustacea
How do the organisms of insecta , arachnida and crustaceans respire?
I - tracheal tubes
A- book lungs
C- book gills
What is the meaining of dirhynous condition ?
two nostrils
How does nasal vestibule develop from ?
invagination of skin during the embryonic development
What is the anterior part of the nasal chamber made up of ?
3 bones called the conchae
What are turbinals and what is their funciton?
outgrowths of bone
they make the nasal chamber long and spiral, makes the temperature of air same as the body and tehy help to trap the dust particles
How does hte nasal chamber open into the nasopharynx?
through internal nostrils called choanae
What is the funciton of ht etrachelaris mucles?
helpful for forceful respiraiton,
it is involuntary
Describe the anatomy of the lungs?
2;lobes
they are covered by pleural fluid
R- 3 lobes L-2 lobes
From where deos hte nerves and hte blood vesses enter the lungs?
the hilus
What is the condition in which the amount of pleural fluid incereases called?
pleuricy
What is the condiction where there is difficlty of breathing due to ncrease in pleural fluid?
dysponea
Discuss where the different types of epithelial tissue is present in the bronchi ?
PSCGE
primary secondary and tertiary
columnar cillited
total terminal
cuboidal cilliated
respiratory bornchiole
What is the parietal and hte visceral pleural membrane made up of?
parietal == WFCT
visceral == simple squamous
What is the meaning of dirhynous condition >
two external nostrils
What are the four differnet types of types of cartilage in larynx?
thyroid == hyaline
cricoid = hyaline
arytenod ==hyaline
santorini == elastic cartilage
What type of epitheliu in the superior conchae?
olfactory epithelium
What is th etype of epithelium in the middle and the inferior chonchae?
PSCGE
Till where do we have hte tracheal rings ?
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertialry bronchi
initail bornchioles
What are the differnet types of ht cells in the alveoli and what is theri function ?
pneumocyte 1 = exchange of gases
pneumocyte 2 = secretion of LECITHIN to act as surfactant
How many alveoli are present in both the lungs of a man?
300 million
What are the respictive weights of both the lungs?
right - 645, 3 lobes
left - 575 , 2 lobes
What enter through the hilus and what leaves through the hilus?
ENTER :
pulmonary artery
pulmonary nerve
trachae
LEAVES:
pulmonary vein
What are the different types of fissures present in both the lungs?
R- horizontal fissure , oblique fissure
L - oblique fissure
What are the steps of respiration ?
1) drawing in of the gases
2) diffusion of gases across the alveolar membrane
3) transport of gases by the blood
4) diffusion of gases 02 and CO2 between the blood and the tisue
5) utilization of hte O 2 by te cells for catabolic reaction and resultant release if CO2
What are the anterior , prosterior , dorsal , ventral and lateral surface of the thoracic cage ?
anterior : clavicle and sternum
prosterior : diaphragm
dorsal: vertebral column
ventral: sternum and ribs
lateral : ribs
What happens to the pleural concentraiton during a bacterial infeciton ?
during the bacterial infection the concentration of hte pleural fluid increases
Why is our lungs called sucken lungs?
because it has power of self contraction and self relaxation
What is teh word related to the diaphragm?
phrenic
Which nerve is responsible for hte contraction of the contraction of the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
What are the two types of hte mucles in the diaphragm?
phrenic muscles
radial muscles
How long deos expiration and inspiration last?
2 seconds
3 seconds
What are the muscles that helps in the breathing process?
diaphragm
coastal mucles and radial muscles
What are the muscles that helps in inspiration ?
EICM ( contraction) [ribs , and sternum upwards ]
radial muscles/ diaphragmic( contraction) [ diphragm flattens]
What are the muscles that helps in expiration?
IICM (contraction) [ribs : inward, sternum : down ward] phrenic muscles (contraction)
What is the tissue present in the outer side of the alvoeli?
yellow fibrous tissue
Where are the connection of the External intercoastal muscles?
it connects the dorsal face of upper ribs to the ventral face of the lower ribs
Where are the connection of hte enternal intercoastal muscles?
it connects the ventral side of the upper ribs with the dorsal face of the lower ribs
How many times does man respire in a minute?
12-16 times/minutes
What is the device used for clinical assessment of pulmonary function?
spirometer
What are the two types of breathing?
thoracic breathing : intercoastal muscles
abdominal breathing: normal breathing
How many times does an infant respire in a minute?
44 times
When is hte breathing the slowest?
sleeping
What is the meaning of hyponoea?
the state of slow breathing
What is the meaning of hypernoea?
it is the state of fast breathing
What is the complete stoppage of breathing?
apnoea
What is the meaning of dysponea?
it is the state of painful breathing due to pleurisy
What is the meaning of asphyxia?
it is the state of suffocation doe to high CO2 concentration or low O2 concentration
this may be due to suffocation or lack of CO2 in the air
What is tidal volume (TV) ?
the amount of air expired or inspired during a normal respiration
500 per breathe , 6000-8000 in a minute
What is the meaning of inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
teh additional amount of air that a person forcebly inspires
2500-3000 ml
What is the meaning of expiratory reserve volume)(ERV) ?
it is extra amount of air that we can expire
1000-1100 ml
What is hte meaning of RV?
the volume of air after forcible expiration
residual volume
1100-1200 ml
What is inspiratory capacity?
the amount of that we can inspire after a normal expiration
TV + IRV
What is the meaning of EC?
it is the amount of volume we can expire after a normal inspiration
TV + ERV
What is the meaning of FRC?
the amount of air that remains after a normal expiration ( functional reserve volume)
ERV + RV
What is the meaning of VC?
the maximum volume of air that a person can inspire after a forceful expiration
ERV+ TV+ IRV
What is the meaning of Total lung capacity?
the total amount of air accomodated at the end of a forced inspiration
RV + ERV + TV + IRV
What is the partial presssure of O2 and CO2 in atmospheric air?
159, 0.3
What is the aprtial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli ?
104, 40
What is the parital pressure of O2 and CO2 in the oxygenated blood ?
95, 40
What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the deoxygenated blood ?
40 , 45 [O2, CO2]
What are the three layers in the diffusion membrane?
the squamousn epithelium of the alvoeli
the basement membrane
endothelium of the alveolar capillarues
What are the modifications in the lungs that aids the exchange of gases?
1) rich supply of capillary at the alveoli
2) the large surface area of alveoli
3) a very thin respiratory membrane
Where does hte residual volume occur?
in the alveoli
What is the maximum amount of expiration after a full inspiration ?
vital capacity
What is the percentage of the various ways in which the O2 transport takes place?
97% O2 by RBC
3% O2 in dissolved state through plasma
What is the percentage of the various ways in which the CO2 is transported ?
20-25 % in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin
70% as bicarbonate form
7% dissolved state with the help of plasma
What is the valency of Fe in Hb?
2+
What are the condictions that helps O2 to enter in us?
increase in ppO2
decrease in ppCO2
increase in pH ( basic)
temperature decrease
What are the conditions that are against the exchange of O2?
decrease in ppO2
increase in ppCO2
decrease in pH , acidic
increase in temperature
How many molecules of O2 in a sinlge molecules of Hb?
4 molecules of O2
How much O2 can 100 ml of blood transfer to the tissues?
5ml of O2
How much O2 is carried in 1 gm of Hb?
1.34 ml of O2
How much Hb is present in 100 ml of blood?
15 gm
How much oxygen is present in 100 ml of blood?
20 ml O2
What is the meaning of P 50 value?
it is the partial pressure of O2 in which the saturation of Hb becomes 50 %
How does the value of P 50 valeu vary with the afinity of Hb?
inversely
What is the most stable form of Hb?
CO + Hb == caboxyhaemoglobin
Is Hb oxidixed in CO + Hb reaction ?
yes
Is Hb oxidised when O2 and Hb binds?
no
Why is CO toxic?
it reduces the capacity of blood to carry O2
Why is the oxygen binding graph sigmoid graph?
as the first molecules of Hb binds to the O2 then it increases the affinity of the next molecule to bind with O2
kind of like PEER pressure
Write the incrasesing order of the binding capacity of CO, CO2, O2?
O2 < CO2 < CO
What is oxidised Hb called?
methamoglobin
Name some gases that can oxidize the Hb ?
CO , O3
What is hte normal P 50 value?
30 mm Hg of O2
How does CO2 transport take place discuss?
5-7 % in plasma
20-25 % in carbaminohaemoglobin
70-73 % bicorbonates
How high is the affinity of CO towards O2?
200-300 times more
How much oxgen is supplied to tissue in one circulation?
25% ( 5ml is given while it carries 20ml O2)
What carries the oxygen in the vertebrates?
Hb
What is the digestive enzyme present in the RBC?
dipeptidase , disaccharidase
What is the Hamburger effect?
Cl- chift ( Hamburger )
What is the Haldane effcet?
O2 from RBC to the tissue
How much CO2 is transported by the 100ml of deoxygenated blood?
4ml of CO2
What is the meaning of anoxia?
lack of O2 supply to the tissue
What is the meaning of hypocapnea?
reduced CO2 conc in the blood
What is the meaning of hypercapnea?
more CO2 conc in the blood
What is the meaning of acapnia?
stoppage of breathing due to very low] CO2 in the blood
What is the meaning of hypoxia?
O2 deficeincy in body tissue
What are the reasons of hypoxia?
anaemia
low O2 in atmosphere
high CO2 in atmosphere
What is happens in anaemic hypoxia?
CO binds with Hb , 200 -300 times faster and you are fucked
What is the name of the receptor that senses the volume of the alveoli?
stretch receptors
From where deos the trachea start and end?
c3-4 to T 5
How many C rings are present?
16- 20
What are the end points of hte naso pharynx?
from the external nostrils to the internal nosttrils
Whihc part is the laryngeo pharynx?
it is the part above teh larynx?
Which part is the oropharnyx?
form the oral cavity to just above the gullet
What is the other name of normal breathing?
abdominal breathing
What hapens in asthma ?
it is difficulty to breathe due to inflammation or muscular spasm
What happens in emphysema ?
it is a chronic disorder where the alveoar wall are damaged
What happens in occupational respiratory disorder?
inflammation caused due to the prolonged increase in the amount dust in the air like fibrosis, silicosis , asbestosis
What happesn in rhinitis?
inflammation of nasal tract
How is teh breathe regulated when the amount of air inthe lungs reduces?
decrease in air
stretch receptors in the alveoli sends signals to the ventral part of medulla
forceful breathing (ICM and Phrenic muscles)
How is teh breathe regulated when the amount of air inthe lungs increases?
increase in air
stretch receptors in the alveoli sends signals to the medulla dorsal medulla
normal breathing
What happens if there is too much air in the alveoli?
stretch receptors
medulla
switch off breahting
What are the ways in which the breahting is regulated in humans? NCERT
pons
medulla
chemosensetive area which located near the medulla
aortic arch and carotid artery
What is pons also known as?
pneumotoxic region
What is the other name of medulla?
respiratory rythm center
How deos pons regulate the breathing?
it se
How deos the chemosensitive region control breathin?
it regulated bresahting on the basis of the presence and absence of CO2 and H+ ions in the blood
How deos the aortic arch and the carotid artery regulate hte breathing?
it senses the presence of CO2 and H+ in the blood and sends signals to the respiratory rythm center
How deos respiration take place in frogs during hibernation?
with the help of skin
Ascent of high mountains may cause altitude sickness in men. Prime cause of this is :
1) excess of CO2 in the blood
2) decreased efficiency of haemoglobin
3) decrease partial pressure of O2
4) decreased proportion of O2 in air
answer is 3
Respiratory system is derived from which embryonic layer?
endo mesoderm
One of the following is the difference between pumponary respiration of forg and humans :
1) diaphragm and ribs play a role in breathing
2) lungs are respiratory organs
3) respiration occurs due to pressure greadient
4) none
1)
What is the respiratory organ of silk worm ?
trachae
What happens to hte alveolar sac due to emphysema?
inflation of alveolar sac
The major amount of CO2 in both invertebrate and vertebrate is transporte as:
1) carbonic acid
2) carbamino acids
3) dissolved gas
4) none of the above
none of the above
Where are the bowmans glands found?
in the olfactory epithelium
Lungs do no collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can neer be expelled becuase :
1) there is a positive interpleural space
2) pressure in the lungs is highrer than the atmospheric pressre
3) there is a negative pressure in the lungs
4) there is a negative inter pleural pressure pulling at the lungs walls
4)
What is the nature of HbO2 ? ( acidic or basic)
acidic
Which is the part of the respiratory tree in lungs?
1) pulmonary bronchioles
2) alveolar duct
3) bronchi
4) none of these
alveolar duct
