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Porsche 911 turboS > 4.2 Breathing and exchange of gases > Flashcards

4.2 Breathing and exchange of gases Flashcards

1
Q

Name some animals that respires through their whole body surface?

A

sponges , coelentarates, flatworms , tapeworms

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2
Q

Name some animals that respires with the help of moist cuticle?

A

earthworms

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3
Q

Name some animals that respires through rtacheal tubes ?

A

insects

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4
Q

Name some animals that respires with the help of gills?

A

aquatic arthopods and molluscs , fishes

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5
Q

How do frogs respire during hibernation ?

A

with their skin

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6
Q

What are the opening of the insects through which air enters called?

A

spiracles

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7
Q

Name the animals that respires with the help of skin simple diffusion ?

A

protozoa , porifera all the way to achelminthes

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8
Q

How does annelid respire?

A

moist cuticle

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9
Q

How do spiders respire?

A

book lungs

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10
Q

How do molluscs respire?

A

gills

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11
Q

How do echinoderms respire?

A

body surface

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12
Q

How do tadpole respire?

A

gills

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13
Q

What are the various classes in the arthropoda ?

A

insecta
arachnida
crustacea

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14
Q

How do the organisms of insecta , arachnida and crustaceans respire?

A

I - tracheal tubes
A- book lungs
C- book gills

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15
Q

What is the meaining of dirhynous condition ?

A

two nostrils

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16
Q

How does nasal vestibule develop from ?

A

invagination of skin during the embryonic development

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17
Q

What is the anterior part of the nasal chamber made up of ?

A

3 bones called the conchae

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18
Q

What are turbinals and what is their funciton?

A

outgrowths of bone

they make the nasal chamber long and spiral, makes the temperature of air same as the body and tehy help to trap the dust particles

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19
Q

How does hte nasal chamber open into the nasopharynx?

A

through internal nostrils called choanae

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20
Q

What is the funciton of ht etrachelaris mucles?

A

helpful for forceful respiraiton,

it is involuntary

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21
Q

Describe the anatomy of the lungs?

A

2;lobes
they are covered by pleural fluid
R- 3 lobes L-2 lobes

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22
Q

From where deos hte nerves and hte blood vesses enter the lungs?

A

the hilus

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23
Q

What is the condition in which the amount of pleural fluid incereases called?

A

pleuricy

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24
Q

What is the condiction where there is difficlty of breathing due to ncrease in pleural fluid?

A

dysponea

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25
Q

Discuss where the different types of epithelial tissue is present in the bronchi ?

A

PSCGE
primary secondary and tertiary

columnar cillited
total terminal

cuboidal cilliated
respiratory bornchiole

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26
Q

What is the parietal and hte visceral pleural membrane made up of?

A

parietal == WFCT

visceral == simple squamous

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27
Q

What is the meaning of dirhynous condition >

A

two external nostrils

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28
Q

What are the four differnet types of types of cartilage in larynx?

A

thyroid == hyaline
cricoid = hyaline
arytenod ==hyaline
santorini == elastic cartilage

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29
Q

What type of epitheliu in the superior conchae?

A

olfactory epithelium

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30
Q

What is th etype of epithelium in the middle and the inferior chonchae?

A

PSCGE

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31
Q

Till where do we have hte tracheal rings ?

A

primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertialry bronchi
initail bornchioles

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32
Q

What are the differnet types of ht cells in the alveoli and what is theri function ?

A

pneumocyte 1 = exchange of gases

pneumocyte 2 = secretion of LECITHIN to act as surfactant

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33
Q

How many alveoli are present in both the lungs of a man?

A

300 million

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34
Q

What are the respictive weights of both the lungs?

A

right - 645, 3 lobes

left - 575 , 2 lobes

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35
Q

What enter through the hilus and what leaves through the hilus?

A

ENTER :
pulmonary artery
pulmonary nerve
trachae

LEAVES:
pulmonary vein

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36
Q

What are the different types of fissures present in both the lungs?

A

R- horizontal fissure , oblique fissure

L - oblique fissure

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37
Q

What are the steps of respiration ?

A

1) drawing in of the gases
2) diffusion of gases across the alveolar membrane
3) transport of gases by the blood
4) diffusion of gases 02 and CO2 between the blood and the tisue
5) utilization of hte O 2 by te cells for catabolic reaction and resultant release if CO2

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38
Q

What are the anterior , prosterior , dorsal , ventral and lateral surface of the thoracic cage ?

A

anterior : clavicle and sternum
prosterior : diaphragm
dorsal: vertebral column
ventral: sternum and ribs

lateral : ribs

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39
Q

What happens to the pleural concentraiton during a bacterial infeciton ?

A

during the bacterial infection the concentration of hte pleural fluid increases

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40
Q

Why is our lungs called sucken lungs?

A

because it has power of self contraction and self relaxation

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41
Q

What is teh word related to the diaphragm?

A

phrenic

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42
Q

Which nerve is responsible for hte contraction of the contraction of the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

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43
Q

What are the two types of hte mucles in the diaphragm?

A

phrenic muscles

radial muscles

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44
Q

How long deos expiration and inspiration last?

A

2 seconds

3 seconds

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45
Q

What are the muscles that helps in the breathing process?

A

diaphragm

coastal mucles and radial muscles

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46
Q

What are the muscles that helps in inspiration ?

A

EICM ( contraction) [ribs , and sternum upwards ]

radial muscles/ diaphragmic( contraction) [ diphragm flattens]

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47
Q

What are the muscles that helps in expiration?

A 
IICM (contraction)  [ribs : inward, sternum : down ward]
phrenic muscles (contraction)
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48
Q

What is the tissue present in the outer side of the alvoeli?

A

yellow fibrous tissue

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49
Q

Where are the connection of the External intercoastal muscles?

A

it connects the dorsal face of upper ribs to the ventral face of the lower ribs

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50
Q

Where are the connection of hte enternal intercoastal muscles?

A

it connects the ventral side of the upper ribs with the dorsal face of the lower ribs

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51
Q

How many times does man respire in a minute?

A

12-16 times/minutes

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52
Q

What is the device used for clinical assessment of pulmonary function?

A

spirometer

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53
Q

What are the two types of breathing?

A

thoracic breathing : intercoastal muscles

abdominal breathing: normal breathing

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54
Q

How many times does an infant respire in a minute?

A

44 times

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55
Q

When is hte breathing the slowest?

A

sleeping

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56
Q

What is the meaning of hyponoea?

A

the state of slow breathing

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57
Q

What is the meaning of hypernoea?

A

it is the state of fast breathing

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58
Q

What is the complete stoppage of breathing?

A

apnoea

59
Q

What is the meaning of dysponea?

A

it is the state of painful breathing due to pleurisy

60
Q

What is the meaning of asphyxia?

A

it is the state of suffocation doe to high CO2 concentration or low O2 concentration

this may be due to suffocation or lack of CO2 in the air

61
Q

What is tidal volume (TV) ?

A

the amount of air expired or inspired during a normal respiration
500 per breathe , 6000-8000 in a minute

62
Q

What is the meaning of inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

teh additional amount of air that a person forcebly inspires

2500-3000 ml

63
Q

What is the meaning of expiratory reserve volume)(ERV) ?

A

it is extra amount of air that we can expire

1000-1100 ml

64
Q

What is hte meaning of RV?

A

the volume of air after forcible expiration
residual volume
1100-1200 ml

65
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

the amount of that we can inspire after a normal expiration

TV + IRV

66
Q

What is the meaning of EC?

A

it is the amount of volume we can expire after a normal inspiration

TV + ERV

67
Q

What is the meaning of FRC?

A

the amount of air that remains after a normal expiration ( functional reserve volume)

ERV + RV

68
Q

What is the meaning of VC?

A

the maximum volume of air that a person can inspire after a forceful expiration

ERV+ TV+ IRV

69
Q

What is the meaning of Total lung capacity?

A

the total amount of air accomodated at the end of a forced inspiration

RV + ERV + TV + IRV

70
Q

What is the partial presssure of O2 and CO2 in atmospheric air?

A

159, 0.3

71
Q

What is the aprtial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli ?

A

104, 40

72
Q

What is the parital pressure of O2 and CO2 in the oxygenated blood ?

A

95, 40

73
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the deoxygenated blood ?

A

40 , 45 [O2, CO2]

74
Q

What are the three layers in the diffusion membrane?

A

the squamousn epithelium of the alvoeli
the basement membrane
endothelium of the alveolar capillarues

75
Q

What are the modifications in the lungs that aids the exchange of gases?

A

1) rich supply of capillary at the alveoli
2) the large surface area of alveoli
3) a very thin respiratory membrane

76
Q

Where does hte residual volume occur?

A

in the alveoli

77
Q

What is the maximum amount of expiration after a full inspiration ?

A

vital capacity

78
Q

What is the percentage of the various ways in which the O2 transport takes place?

A

97% O2 by RBC

3% O2 in dissolved state through plasma

79
Q

What is the percentage of the various ways in which the CO2 is transported ?

A

20-25 % in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin
70% as bicarbonate form
7% dissolved state with the help of plasma

80
Q

What is the valency of Fe in Hb?

A

2+

81
Q

What are the condictions that helps O2 to enter in us?

A

increase in ppO2
decrease in ppCO2
increase in pH ( basic)
temperature decrease

82
Q

What are the conditions that are against the exchange of O2?

A

decrease in ppO2
increase in ppCO2
decrease in pH , acidic
increase in temperature

83
Q

How many molecules of O2 in a sinlge molecules of Hb?

A

4 molecules of O2

84
Q

How much O2 can 100 ml of blood transfer to the tissues?

A

5ml of O2

85
Q

How much O2 is carried in 1 gm of Hb?

A

1.34 ml of O2

86
Q

How much Hb is present in 100 ml of blood?

A

15 gm

87
Q

How much oxygen is present in 100 ml of blood?

A

20 ml O2

88
Q

What is the meaning of P 50 value?

A

it is the partial pressure of O2 in which the saturation of Hb becomes 50 %

89
Q

How does the value of P 50 valeu vary with the afinity of Hb?

A

inversely

90
Q

What is the most stable form of Hb?

A

CO + Hb == caboxyhaemoglobin

91
Q

Is Hb oxidixed in CO + Hb reaction ?

A

yes

92
Q

Is Hb oxidised when O2 and Hb binds?

A

no

93
Q

Why is CO toxic?

A

it reduces the capacity of blood to carry O2

94
Q

Why is the oxygen binding graph sigmoid graph?

A

as the first molecules of Hb binds to the O2 then it increases the affinity of the next molecule to bind with O2

kind of like PEER pressure

95
Q

Write the incrasesing order of the binding capacity of CO, CO2, O2?

A

O2 < CO2 < CO

96
Q

What is oxidised Hb called?

A

methamoglobin

97
Q

Name some gases that can oxidize the Hb ?

A

CO , O3

98
Q

What is hte normal P 50 value?

A

30 mm Hg of O2

99
Q

How does CO2 transport take place discuss?

A

5-7 % in plasma
20-25 % in carbaminohaemoglobin
70-73 % bicorbonates

100
Q

How high is the affinity of CO towards O2?

A

200-300 times more

101
Q

How much oxgen is supplied to tissue in one circulation?

A

25% ( 5ml is given while it carries 20ml O2)

102
Q

What carries the oxygen in the vertebrates?

A

Hb

103
Q

What is the digestive enzyme present in the RBC?

A

dipeptidase , disaccharidase

104
Q

What is the Hamburger effect?

A

Cl- chift ( Hamburger )

105
Q

What is the Haldane effcet?

A

O2 from RBC to the tissue

106
Q

How much CO2 is transported by the 100ml of deoxygenated blood?

A

4ml of CO2

107
Q

What is the meaning of anoxia?

A

lack of O2 supply to the tissue

108
Q

What is the meaning of hypocapnea?

A

reduced CO2 conc in the blood

109
Q

What is the meaning of hypercapnea?

A

more CO2 conc in the blood

110
Q

What is the meaning of acapnia?

A

stoppage of breathing due to very low] CO2 in the blood

111
Q

What is the meaning of hypoxia?

A

O2 deficeincy in body tissue

112
Q

What are the reasons of hypoxia?

A

anaemia
low O2 in atmosphere
high CO2 in atmosphere

113
Q

What is happens in anaemic hypoxia?

A

CO binds with Hb , 200 -300 times faster and you are fucked

114
Q

What is the name of the receptor that senses the volume of the alveoli?

A

stretch receptors

115
Q

From where deos the trachea start and end?

A

c3-4 to T 5

116
Q

How many C rings are present?

A

16- 20

117
Q

What are the end points of hte naso pharynx?

A

from the external nostrils to the internal nosttrils

118
Q

Whihc part is the laryngeo pharynx?

A

it is the part above teh larynx?

119
Q

Which part is the oropharnyx?

A

form the oral cavity to just above the gullet

120
Q

What is the other name of normal breathing?

A

abdominal breathing

121
Q

What hapens in asthma ?

A

it is difficulty to breathe due to inflammation or muscular spasm

122
Q

What happens in emphysema ?

A

it is a chronic disorder where the alveoar wall are damaged

123
Q

What happens in occupational respiratory disorder?

A

inflammation caused due to the prolonged increase in the amount dust in the air like fibrosis, silicosis , asbestosis

124
Q

What happesn in rhinitis?

A

inflammation of nasal tract

125
Q

How is teh breathe regulated when the amount of air inthe lungs reduces?

A

decrease in air
stretch receptors in the alveoli sends signals to the ventral part of medulla
forceful breathing (ICM and Phrenic muscles)

126
Q

How is teh breathe regulated when the amount of air inthe lungs increases?

A

increase in air
stretch receptors in the alveoli sends signals to the medulla dorsal medulla
normal breathing

127
Q

What happens if there is too much air in the alveoli?

A

stretch receptors
medulla
switch off breahting

128
Q

What are the ways in which the breahting is regulated in humans? NCERT

A

pons
medulla
chemosensetive area which located near the medulla
aortic arch and carotid artery

129
Q

What is pons also known as?

A

pneumotoxic region

130
Q

What is the other name of medulla?

A

respiratory rythm center

131
Q

How deos pons regulate the breathing?

A

it se

132
Q

How deos the chemosensitive region control breathin?

A

it regulated bresahting on the basis of the presence and absence of CO2 and H+ ions in the blood

133
Q

How deos the aortic arch and the carotid artery regulate hte breathing?

A

it senses the presence of CO2 and H+ in the blood and sends signals to the respiratory rythm center

134
Q

How deos respiration take place in frogs during hibernation?

A

with the help of skin

135
Q

Ascent of high mountains may cause altitude sickness in men. Prime cause of this is :

1) excess of CO2 in the blood
2) decreased efficiency of haemoglobin
3) decrease partial pressure of O2
4) decreased proportion of O2 in air

A

answer is 3

136
Q

Respiratory system is derived from which embryonic layer?

A

endo mesoderm

137
Q

One of the following is the difference between pumponary respiration of forg and humans :

1) diaphragm and ribs play a role in breathing
2) lungs are respiratory organs
3) respiration occurs due to pressure greadient
4) none

A

1)

138
Q

What is the respiratory organ of silk worm ?

A

trachae

139
Q

What happens to hte alveolar sac due to emphysema?

A

inflation of alveolar sac

140
Q

The major amount of CO2 in both invertebrate and vertebrate is transporte as:

1) carbonic acid
2) carbamino acids
3) dissolved gas
4) none of the above

A

none of the above

141
Q

Where are the bowmans glands found?

A

in the olfactory epithelium

142
Q

Lungs do no collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can neer be expelled becuase :

1) there is a positive interpleural space
2) pressure in the lungs is highrer than the atmospheric pressre
3) there is a negative pressure in the lungs
4) there is a negative inter pleural pressure pulling at the lungs walls

A

4)

143
Q

What is the nature of HbO2 ? ( acidic or basic)

A

acidic

144
Q

Which is the part of the respiratory tree in lungs?

1) pulmonary bronchioles
2) alveolar duct
3) bronchi
4) none of these

A

alveolar duct

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