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4.3 Body fluids and circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is ht ecolour , pH and wieght percentage and volume of blood in human?

A

red
pH 7.4
7-8 % of the body weight
4-5 L in females and 5-6 L in males

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2
Q

Why is blood a false CT?

A

1) the cells do not have the power to divide on their own
2) they don’t secrete their own matrix
3) matrix is devoid of fibres

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3
Q

What is the percentage of cells and plasma in the blood?

A

55% plasma

45% cells ( RBC , WBC )

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4
Q

What are the two main components of the plasma and what is their percentage>?

A

solid : 8 -10%

liquid : 90-92 %

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5
Q

What is the meaning of packed cell volume?

A

% of volume of total number of blood corpuscles in blood

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6
Q

What is the meaning of hematocrit volume?

A

% of the total RBC in the blood

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7
Q

What is the inorganic parts of the plasma and is the percentage composition ?

A

1-2%

ions : K+ ,Na + , Mg ++ , Ca++, HCO3– ,Cl – , CO3–
salts: KCl, MgCl2, NaHCO3
gases : O2, CO2, N2

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8
Q

What is the organic part of the plasma?

A 
7-8%
vitamins 
nutrients :  glucose , amino acids , lipids  
hormones 
proteins
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9
Q

What are the proteins present in teh blood?

A

fibrinogen : clot formation
thrombin : clot formation
albumin : osmotic pressure
globulins : many functions

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10
Q

What are the various globulins and what are their function ?

A

alpha globulins: Cu
beta : Fe transport
Gamma : immune response

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11
Q

What are the various gamma globulins and what are their respective funcitons?

A

IgG : smallest antibody
IgA : liquid anti body ( we get it form the first time from clostrum)
IgM : largest , pentamere ,(immunoglobulin)
IgD : present on the surface lymph organ
IgE : allergic antibody

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12
Q

What is the ratio of albumin and globulins?

A

2 : 1

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13
Q

What is the normal bloof glucose level?

A

80 -100 mg / 100 ml of blood

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14
Q

What is the normal cholesterol level in the blood?

A

150-260 mg in 100 ml of blood

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15
Q

What is the normal urea level of blood?

A

17 - 30 mg/ 100 ml of blood

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16
Q

What is the urea level when the amount of urea in the

A

40mg - 100 mg

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17
Q

What happens if the urea level increases beyond the normal?

A

the condition is called UREMIA

the shape of RBC becomes irregular and then teh RBC is destroyed in the spleen

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18
Q

What happens to the RBC due to uremia?

A

the cell gets distorted and it is called Burr cells

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19
Q

What is the physical feature os the RBC?

A

disc like
biconcace
circular cross section
no nucleus

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20
Q

Why is hte shape of RBC is bi concave ?

A

to increase the surface area of the cells

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21
Q

What is the endo skeleton of the RBC composed of?

A

stromatin

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22
Q

Name some mammal whose RBC is biconvex in shape?

A

lamma and camel

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23
Q

What is the diameter of the blood capillary and the RBC?

A

RBC : 7.5 micro meter

capillary : 5 micro meter

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24
Q

What is the plasma membrane of the RBC called?

A

Donnan’s membrane

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25
Q

What is the feature of the Donnan’s membrane?

A

it is highly permeable to some iions like Cl- and HCO3- while it is impermeable to Na+ and K+

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26
Q

What type of respiration takes place in the RBC?

A

anaerobic

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27
Q

What is the enzyme present in the RBC that can helps in the formation of HCO3- and what is its catalyst?

A

the enzyme is called : Carbonic Anhydrase

Zn it boosts the function of CA 5000 times

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28
Q

What is the function of CA ?

A

it helps in speeding up the dissociation and formation of cabonic acid

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29
Q

What is the color of a SINGLE RBC?

A

it is pale yellow in color while a group of them is red in color

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30
Q

What is the charge on the iron ion present in the haemoglobin?

A

Fe 2+

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31
Q

How much RBC does a normal human have in 100 ml of blood?

A

12 -16 gm of Hb

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32
Q

How much blood does a healthy adult man , new born baby and female have in 1mm-3 of blood ?

A

5- 5.5 million ( man)

  1. 8 million in mm-3 of new born baby
  2. 5 - 5 million m-3 in female
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33
Q

How many Hb deos each RBC contain ?

A

26.5 crore

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34
Q

What are the two components of hte Hb?

A

5% Fe and porphyrin

95% of globin ( 4 poly peptids)

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35
Q

What is Hb molecule type of difernet man and foetal Hb ?

A

adult man Hb type 1 : A2B2
adult man Hb type 2 : A2d2 ( d : delta )
foetal Hb : A2G2 (G: gamma )

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36
Q

What is the number of amio acids present in the various types of globin chains of the Hb?

A

alpha : 141 amino acids
beta : 146 amino acids
gamma : 146 amino acids
delta : 146 amino acids

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37
Q

Which type of Hb has the max capacity of binding with the O2 ?

A

foetal Hb

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38
Q

What is the meaing of anisocytosis?

A

the change in hte shape of the RBC

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39
Q

In which animal and class do we find the largest and smallest RBC ?

A

amphiuma ( amphibia) 75- 80 micro meter ‘

musk deer ( mammalia) 2.5 micro meter

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40
Q

What is the meaing of crenation ?

A

the shrnking of RBC

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41
Q

What is the isotonic value for NaCl and glucose for a human RBC?

A

0.8 - 1.0 % NaCl

5% w/v in glucose

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42
Q

What is th elife span of RBC , new born baby and frog?

A

RBC : 120 days
New born baby : 100 days
frog : 100 days

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43
Q

What is the ocndition of increased and decreased RBC count called?

A

polycethemia

anaemia

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44
Q

Hormone that stimulates erythropoesis and where ?

A

erythropoetin and kidney

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45
Q

Where is the first RBC produced?

A

in the yolk sac

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46
Q

What are hte erythropoetic organs in the embryo?

A

yolk sac , liver , spleen, placenta, thymus

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47
Q

Where is the RBC produced in adult man ?

A

Red bone marrow

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48
Q

Where is RBC collected in an adult man?

A

trabaculae

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49
Q

Which organ is called the graveyard of RBC and why?

A

spleen ( because RBC are destroyed here)

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50
Q

Where are the excess of RBC stored in our body?

A

spleen

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51
Q

Which organ is called ht eblood bank?

A

spleen

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52
Q

What is the adhering blood corpuscles of RBC called and wy does it happen?

A

rouleaux , and this is caused do to slow blood flow

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53
Q

What is the meaning of haemoconia?

A

the minutes bits of blood corpuscles

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54
Q

Name the green colored respiratory pigment of RBC of some animals?

A

chlorocruorin , it is green colored Fe pigment and is found in annelids

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55
Q

Name the Cu containing respiratory pigments in some animals and what are these animals ?

A

hemocyanin , crustaceons

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56
Q

What are the differnces between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

A

Granulocytes:

1) cytoplasmic granules are present
2) multilobed nucleus is present
3) produced in the bone marrow

Agranulocytes :

1) cytoplasmic lobes are absent
2) multilobed nucleus is absent
3) they are produced in the lymphoid organs

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57
Q

What are the various granulcytes and what are their functions? and how many lobes do each of them have ?

A

acidophils : (2) they produce response to alllergy

basophil : (3) histamine, heparin, serotonin

neutrophil : (5 to 3) they are phagocytotic and are called the micro policeman

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58
Q

What are teh functions of the various agranullocytes and what is theri shape of nucleus?

A

monocyte (kidney shaped) : the are called scavengers and are also called hte macro policeman

lymphocyte ( spherical) : they function for the immune system

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59
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

they destroy the BACTERIA and VIRUS with the help of phagocytosis

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60
Q

What are the types of T lymphocytes and also tell the functions?

A

T killer cells(cytotoxic cells) : kill the microbes
T helper cell : stimulate
T- Suppresor ( t regulator ) : supresses T killer and protect hte immune system

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61
Q

What is the funciton of B lymphocytes?What are their different types along with their function?

A

it helps in production and transport of antibodies

B plasma:
B memory:

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62
Q

Which the smallest blood cell?

A

RBC

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63
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus of basophils and what is the stain used to stain them?

A

S shape nucleus

they are stained by METHYL BLUE

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64
Q

What is the meaning of DLC and TLC?

A

DCL : differential lymphocyte count

TLC : total leukocyte in the blood

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65
Q

What is the meaning of leukocytosis, leucocytopenia ?

A

leukocytosis: increase in TLC , mostly TLC increases in bacterial and viral infeciton

Leokocytopenia :decrease in TLC in some infection like AIDS and typhoid

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66
Q

What is leukemia and what is the number of WBC present in the body of a patient who has leukemia ?

A

leukemia is the abnormal increase in the amount of WBC in the body

their body had more than 1 lakh WBC

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67
Q

How does acidophiles deal with the parasite?

A

they synthesise histamin during allergic response , they act as lysosomes during infection

they attach themselves to the body wall o the parasites and then synthesizes some enzymes that dissolves the body wall of the parasite

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68
Q

What is the meaning of diapdasis?

A

the fact that neutrophils can squeeze themselves through the wall of blood capillary is called diapedasis

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69
Q

From where does the platelets derive from?

A

megakaryocyte cells of hte bone marrow

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70
Q

What is the name of the platelets found in the blood of other vertebrate other than mammals?

A

spindle corpuscles

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71
Q

Which is the least found lymphocyte ?

A

basophils

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72
Q

What are the functions of platelets? What are the charecteristics of the platelets?
size
life span
normal count

A

1) repair the endothelium of blood by forming platelet plug
2) sythesize thromboplastin clotting factor 3 which helps in blood clotting
3) synthesize serotonin

2-3 micro meter
life span 2-5 days
normal platelets count : 1.5 lakh to 3.5 lakh

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73
Q

What is the condition called when there is less number of platelets?

A

thrombocytopenia

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74
Q

What is the critical count of thrombocyte and what heppens if it reduces below it?

A

40,000/ mm3

purpura disease ( rash appear on the skin)

75
Q

What is the normal bleeding and clotting time?

A

1-3 mins ‘

2- 8 mins

76
Q

What are the two types of clot and what do they do?

Which one is more harmful?

A

THROMBUS : static and they bigger and bigger and stop the blood flow

EMBOLUS: moving clots whihc flows with the blood and ultimaltesly dissolve in the blood

EMBOLUS is more harmful due to their moving nature

77
Q

Which type of blood clot can cause heart attack and what is the pheomenon called?

A

THROMBUS

they can form clot in the coronary artery (the artery of the heart) and this is called coronary thrombosis

78
Q

What is the fucntion of fibrin ?

A

they form the clot or hte coagulum by trapping the dead or the damaged elements of the blood

79
Q

How is thrombokiase formed?

A

this is formed by a series of lined enzymatic reations involving a number of factors present in the plasma in inactive state

during trauma or injury stimulates the platelets in the blood to secrete some factors which actives the mechanisms of coagulation

80
Q

What is the antibody and the antigen present in A blood group and from whom can they recieve blood and give blood ?

A

antibody : anti B
antigen : antigen A

receive from : A,O

81
Q

What is the antibody and the antigen present in B blood group and from whom can they recieve blood and give blood ?

A

antibody : anti A
antigen : antgen B

receive from B,O

82
Q

What is the antibody and the antigen present in AB blood group and from whom can they recieve blood and give blood ?

A

antibody : nil
antigen : antigen A, antigen B

receive from : A,O,B,AB

83
Q

What is the antibody and the antigen present in O blood group and from whom can they recieve blood and give blood ?

A

antibody : anti A, anti B
antigen : -nil-

receive from : O

84
Q

Who discovered A,B, and O blood group?

A

Landsteiner

85
Q

What is the ion that plays a crucial role in the clotting of blood?

86
Q

Which blood group is called the universal donor and which one is called hte universal reciever?

A

universal donor: O

unidversal receiver : AB

87
Q

What type of allele is the Rh gene and what is the name of the gene ?

A

it is a dominant gene

isoagglutinogen (I)

88
Q

What is the percentage of people with Rh - and Rh +?

A

97% +

3% -

89
Q

What happens during ertyhroblastosis foealis? What can happen to the foetus?

A

during this the mother is Rh-ve and the baby is Rh+ve

during the second child birth the child may be badly damaged and this can cause

ANAEMIA and JAUNDICE to the foetus

90
Q

What are the list of animals that have closed and open circulatory system?

A

closed circulatory system : annelids , cephalopods , most of the chordates

open circulatory system: arthropods and molluscs EXCEPT CEPHALOPOD

91
Q

What type of blood circulatory system does the cephalopod have?

A

cephalopods has closed circulatory system

92
Q

Who discovered hte pumping of blod?

A

William Harvey

93
Q

Please do read the circulatio part from teh copy for best results

A

Please do read the circulatio part from teh copy for best results

94
Q

Lymph differs from blood possesing what?

A

WBC and no RBC

95
Q

What is the cavity of the animals with open circulatory system called?

96
Q

What is the study of blood vascular system called?

97
Q

Which animal has venous heart?

98
Q

What type of circulation take place in fishes, amphibians, reptiles, crocodiles , aves and mammals?

A 
fishes:  mixed 
amphibians : transitional double 
reptiles : transitional double 
crocodiles : double 
aves: double 
mammals : double
99
Q

How much blood does a make, femal have?

A

4-5 l in females

5-6 in females

100
Q

What is the function of lymph node?

A

antibody synthesis
filters and clean hte lymph
destroy the bacteria

101
Q

What is the type of tissue present in the spleen called?

A

splenic pulp

102
Q

What are the two differnt types of tissues in the spleen and what are their funciton s?

A

white pulp

red pulp

103
Q

What are the factors released by the injured part and the platelets that helps in coagulation of blood?

A

injured part : exothromboplastin

platelet : endothromboplastin

104
Q

What are the 13 clotting factors ?

A

Clotting factors :

1) fibrinogen
2) prothrombin
3) thromboplastin
4) Ca ++
5) pro accelerin
6) accelerin
7) stable factor
8) AHG
9) Christmus factor
10) Stuart factor
11) anti cedent (PTA)
12) Hageman factor
13) Fsf (fibrin stabilizing factor )

105
Q

Which child does the erythroblastosis foetalis not affect?

106
Q

What is the passage of the interstitial fluid to the tissue?

A 
lymphatic vessel 
|
L/R thoracic lymph duct 
|
L/R subclavian vein 
| 
superior vena cava
107
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A

the increase in the size of the heart is called cardio megaly

108
Q

Who is the father of angiology ?

A

Williams Harvey

109
Q

From which embryo layer does the heart derive from?

A

from the mesderm

110
Q

What are the three layers of hte heart?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

111
Q

What are the layers of the epicardium?

A

visceral pericardium
pericardial fluid
parietal pericardium

112
Q

What are the layers of the various (3) layers of the heart made up of?

A

epicardium (simple sqaumous epithelium)
myocardium (cardiac muscles)
endocardium (simple sqaumous epithelium)

113
Q

Which atria is bigger L or R?

A

right atria is bigger

114
Q

Which ventricle is bigger L or R?

A

the Left VENTRICLE IS BIGGER

115
Q

What are the various septum of hte hear made up of?

A

musclular tissue

116
Q

Where are the tricuspid and hte bicuspid valve prenset?

A

tri cuspid valve: right atria and ventricle valve

bicuspid valve : between the left atria and ventricle

117
Q

What is the other name of bicuspid valve?

A

mitral valve

118
Q

Where are the semi luminar valves present?

A

pulmonary artery

aorta

119
Q

What are the number of valves in the embryonic heart of humans?

A

there are 7 valves
eustachain
thebasian valve
haversian valve

bicuspid and tricuspid

semiluminar

120
Q

What are the various parts of the vena cava and what is the valve present in it?

A

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA : haversian valve
CORONARY VEIN : thebasian valve
INFERIOR VENA CAVA : eustachain valve

121
Q

What is the opening in the inter atrial septum called in the embryo and what does it develop into?

A

foramen ovalis

fossa ovalis

122
Q

What is the connection between pulmonary artery and the aorta called?

A

ductus arteriosus

later develops into LIGAMETUM ateriosum

123
Q

What stops the opposite flow of blood in the heart?

A

papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
columni cornae

124
Q

What is the function of the umbilical artery and umbilical vein ?

A

umbilical vein : O2 and food

umbilical artery : CO 2 and excretory product

125
Q

Where is the SAN and the AV node presnet?

A

SAN : in the uper right of the right artium

AV node : in the lower left of the right atrium near the inter atrial septum

126
Q

What connects the SAN and the AV node?

A

internodal fibres

127
Q

What divides into bundle of HIS?

128
Q

What are the further branching of the bundle of HIS?

A

the purkinje fibres

129
Q

How many number of action potential can the SAN generate?

A

70-75 per minute

130
Q

How many times foes hte heart beat in the a minute?

A

70 - 75 per minute

avg = 72 per minute

131
Q

Where is the maximum and the minimumspeed of the aciton potential ?

A

maxmimum : purkinje fibres

minimum : av node

132
Q

What is the artificial pacemaker made up of?

A

lithium battery

133
Q

What is the pacemaker of frog?

A

sinus venosus

134
Q

What is hte meaning of homethermals and ectothermals?

A

homeothermals : when the heart beat is connected to teh body size

ectothermy: when the heart beat is controlled by the environment

135
Q 
Which of them are neurogenis and which of them are myogenic?
annelids
arthrodpods 
molluscs 
vertebrates?
A

MYOGENIC : molluscs and vetebrates

NEUROGENIC : annelids and arthropods

136
Q

What is the meaning of myogenic heart?

A

when the heart beat is controlled by a special set of muscular tissue

137
Q

What si the meaning of tachy cardia and brady cardia ?

A

tachycardia: increases in the heart beat

bradicardia : decrease in the heart beat

138
Q

What is the meaning of arrhythemia?

A

irregular heart beat

139
Q

What regulates the normal beating of hte heart?

A

the nodal tissue

140
Q

What regulates the heart beat and how does it affect the heart beat?

A

medulla oblongata (ANS)
sympatheti nervous system (ANS), increase
para sympathetic nervous system (ANS) , decrease
adrenaline : increases
nor adrenaline increase

141
Q

What is the function of medulla oblongata in the heart beat regulation?

A

moderate the cardiac function

142
Q

What is the role of acetyl choline in the heart beat regulation ?

A

it decreases the heart beat

143
Q

What happens when hte SAN generates an impulse?

A

in leads to the contraction of the atrai

144
Q

By how much percentage does the blood flow from the atria increase due to atrial systole ?

145
Q

Which intrument is used to listen to the heart beat?

A

stethoscope

146
Q

When does the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close? What sound does it make?

A

ventricular systole

it makes a lub sound

147
Q

When does the semiluminar valves close ? What sound does it make

A

during the ventricular diastole

it makes a dub sound

148
Q

What is the duration of the cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 seconds

149
Q

What is the meaining of dystolic volume and systolic volume? What are their respective volume?

A

the amount of blood left in the ventricles after a systole and a diastole is called diastolic volume and a systolic volume

diastolic = 120 ml
systolic volume = 50ml

150
Q

What is the time for which we hear the LUBB and hte DUP sound? also their differnce in intensity ?

A

LUBB: 0.15 s , less intensity

DUP : 0.1 sec , more intensity

151
Q

What is murmur in a heart diseas?

A

defective heart sound

152
Q

What are the two circulation in teh double circulation?

A

systemic circularion and the pulmonary circulation

153
Q

What are the differnet types of portal systems?

A

RENAL PORTAL SYSTEMS
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEMS
HYPOPHYDEAL PORTAL SYSTEM

154
Q

Discuss the renal portal system and in which animals is it present? is it present in humans?

A

just recall

it is present in frogs , it is absent in humans

155
Q

What are the veins that enters the liver and by what ?

A 
spleen vein 
stomach vein 
gall blader 
abdominal wall
intestine 
pancreatic vein

enter the blood by HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN

156
Q

Whose function does the hypothalamus controls with the helps of the ypophyseal portal vein ?

A

adenohypophysis

157
Q

What are hte three types of blood vessels?

A

artery
capillary
vein

158
Q

What are the three layers of the blood vessels? What is it made up of ?

A

tunica externa : collagen fibres , elastic fibres , longitudinal

tunica media : circular and elastin fibres

tunica interna : simple squamous epithelium

159
Q

Who discovered hte blood capillary ?

A

marcello malpighi

160
Q

What is the blood vessel that supplies blood to the blood vessle called?

A

vasa vascorum

161
Q

What are the differnces between teh artery and the vein ? ( location, lumen , size of it, color )

A

arteries are located deep in the body

wall of arteries are thick

the lumen of artery is small

the artery is bright red in color whereas veins are deep red and bluish in color

162
Q

Which of them do not collapse? ( artery and vein)

A

artery does not collapse

163
Q

What is device used to find the blood pressure? What is the normal blood pressue?

A

sphygmomanometer

120/80

164
Q

Where is the pulse found? What is pulse pressure?

A

in the right artery in the wrist of man
artery of the neck region

differnce between the diastolic and the systolic pressure

165
Q

What does hte P , ORS , T wave mean?

A

P : atrial systole
ORS : ventricular systole
T: ventricular diastole

166
Q

When do we say a person is suffering from high blood pressure and what can it cause?

A

140/90

can lead to heart disease and affect organs of vital organs of brain and kidney

167
Q

What is CAD?

A

often refferd as atherosclerosis, affects the arteries that supplies the blood to the heart

caused the deposition of CALCIUM , FAT, CHOLESTEROL, FIBROUS TISSUE

increases the BP

168
Q

For how long does atrial and ventricular systole take place ?

A

atrual systole : 0.1 s

ventricular systole : 0.3 sec

169
Q

What is the meaning of angina pectoris ?

A

acute chest pain when not enough blood is reaching the heart

170
Q

What is the meaning of heart failure ?

A

in ability of heart to pump blood

171
Q

What is cardiac arrest?

A

when the heart stops beating

172
Q

What is the meaning of myocardial infaction ?

A

when hte lumen of hte artery of heart becomes small causes angina pectoris

173
Q

What is myocardial infaction?

A

when the blood supply to the heart stops and the myocardial cells die ( HEART ATTACK )

174
Q

What is the coronary artery bypass grafting? Which vein is used?

A

blockage in the aorta is called coronary bypass grafting

spehnous vein is used to replace the section of the aorta

175
Q

What type of blood circulation do we have during the embryonic stage ?

A

mixed blood supply

176
Q

What is the meaning of varicose vein ? Which vein is the most commonly affected?

A

when the veins become dialated

the spehnous vein is the most commonly affected vein

177
Q

What is the cytoskeleon of RBC composed of?

178
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of platelet composed of?

A

Thrombostenin

179
Q

Who discovered the ABO blood grouping system?

A

Lansteiner

180
Q

Who discovered the Rh+- bloodgrouping system?

A

Weiner and Landsteine

181
Q

Who discovered the blood circulation?

A

William Harvey

182
Q

What is the type of circulation of cephalpopods?

183
Q

No of Hb in RBC?

A

26.5 crore

184
Q

No of Hb in RBC?

A

26.5 crore

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