4.4 - 4.5

Question 1

What is status?

Answer 1

A socially defined position in a group or in a society
ascribed - assigned according to standards beyond control
achieved - acquired by an individual

Question 2

What is a social structure?

Answer 2

A network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction

Question 3

What is a role?

Answer 3

The behavior-rights and obligations- expected of someone occupying a particular status
expectations - the socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role
performance - the actual behaviors of a person and it may not match the behavior expected of society

Question 4

What is master status?

Answer 4

A master status is a social position in which individuals most define themselves or associate themselves when interacting with others
- It can be either ascribed or achieved
- It can change
- In Canada we mostly use achieved characteristics like occupation, wealth, marital status, and parenthood to serve as our master status

Question 5

What are reciprocal roles?

Answer 5

Corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses
- Cant fulfill role of husband if there is no wife

Question 6

What is a role set?

Answer 6

The different roles associated with a particular status
- A doctor is a doctor to their patients and colleague to their coworkers

Question 7

What is role conflict?

Answer 7

Occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another
- Being a good employee interferes with being a good parent

Question 8

What is role strain?

Answer 8

Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status
- Manager who has to keep her workers positive as they are asked to work long overtime hours

Question 9

What is role exit?

Answer 9

The process people go through to detach from a role that was previously central to their social identity

Question 10

What are some social institutions and what is it?

Answer 10

A system of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society
Family
Economic
Political
Education
Religion

Question 11

What are subsistence strategies?

Answer 11

The way in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members

Question 12

What is division of labor?

Answer 12

The specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities

Question 13

Hunter-Gatherer Societies

Answer 13

Collect wild plants daily
Hunt for wild animals
Move constantly
Rarely exceed 100 members
Family is main social unit

Question 14

Pastoral Societies

Answer 14

Rely on domesticated animals
Lead a nomadic life
Fewer people produce food
Complex division of labor
Produce some items for trade
Have surplus of goods so can support larger populations

Question 15

Horticultural Societies

Answer 15

Grow fruits and vegetables in garden plots
Use slash-and-burn techniques
Must wait for rainy seasons to plant
Move to new plot when old becomes barren
Build semi-permanent or permanent villages
Village size depends on amount of land for farming
Division of labor creates specialized roles
Economic and political systems more developed because of the settled life

Question 16

Agricultural Societies

Answer 16

Animals are used to plow fields
Irrigation increases crop yields
Many members are able to engage in specialized roles
Technological innovations allows them to plant more crops and can plant at various times
Cities are formed
Leaders are often hereditary
Marked by powerful armies and the construction of roads
Abandon bartering in order to make trade easier
Power often unequally distributed

Question 17

Industrial Societies

Answer 17

Production of food shifts to production of manufactured goods
Production moves from human and animal labor to machines
Increases food production and population
Numbers and kinds of jobs increase
Location of work changes to cities, away from the home
Social processes such as education take the place of family

Question 18

Postindustrial Societies

Answer 18

Economic emphasis is on creation and exchange of information and services instead of manufacturing goods
Canada is a postindustrial society
Standard of living improves
Education and science are important
Technological advances seen as key

Question 19

What is a cult?

Answer 19

A cult is a group with a particular and often dangerously fanatical ideology that has certain characteristics.
Cultus - Worship Thus

Question 20

What is the risky shift?

Answer 20

People are more likely to make a risky decision or action if others are doing it with them so the punishment / consequences are shared.

Question 21

What are characteristics of a cult?

Answer 21

Charismatic Leader
Ideological Purity (Members are strongly discouraged from questioning the cult’s doctrine)
Conformity and control
Mind-altering practices
Isolation and love-bombing
Us-vs-them mentality
Apocalyptic thinking
Time and energy

Question 22

How do cults start?

Answer 22

Cult leaders typically target extroverted people who are generally successful but are currently feeling dissatisfied with their lives and feel that something is missing

Question 23

What are the phases of recruitment?

Answer 23

SEDUCTION
PERSUASION
FASCINATION

Question 24

What are the different types of cults?

Answer 24

Destructive Cults (Killing / Injuring others)
Doomsday Cult
Political Cult
Religious Cult
Other World Cult
Commercial Cult (Trying to get rich)

Question 25

Manson family?

Answer 25

Charles Manson
Began Recruitment 1967
Manson was imprisoned in 1970
Doomsday / religious cult
Believed the beatles songs (Helter skelter) were sending message to them
Picked vulnerable people / people receptive to ideas
Manson was a charismatic leader that instilled trust in his followers
Followers moved to a ranch where the rancher was promised sec with the female followers for use of land
Psychedelic drugs: LDS, Acid, etc…
Imprisoned for the murder of 9 people, including pregnant Sharon Tate
Drug use was combined with sexual exploitation
Manson died 2017 in prison
Most followers still alive

Question 26

Heaven’s Gate?

Answer 26

Founded 1974 in San Diego
Founded by Marshall Applewhite (“Do”) and Bonnie Nettles
Applewhite died in the groups mass suicide in 1997
Three of his assistants helped him kill himself
Doomsday / Otherworldly cult
Believed the human body was a container and if they died a UFO would take them to heaven
Published advertisement for meetings
Members were called the ‘crew’
They convinced 20 people to leave their families
Lots of promises made to the members
Convinced 39 people to take their life by poison

Question 27

The Solar Temple?

Answer 27

Small religious movement founded in geneva in 1984
Murder / Suicides 1994 - 1997
Occult
Believed the world experienced a global catastrophe in the 1990s
Contacted families within community
People made donations towards cult
Very charismatic leadership
Foretold apocalyptic prophecies, told people the cult was the only way to salvation
Rituals and secret information was gradually introduced to members of the cult
Isolation, encouraged to distance themselves from non believers

Question 28

Aum Shinrikyo?

Answer 28

Tokyo Japan 1987
Shoko Asahara
Japanese new religious movement
Drawn from early hinduism as well as buddhism
Leafleting
Use classes on yoga on herbal meditation to recruit
Group members were manipulated and brainwashed
False sense of freedom and choice
Committed nerve gas attack on the tokyo subway
Asahara sentenced to death and executed in 2018 by hanging
The movement still accepts membership
Charged admission and seminar fees
Built their own enterprises for funding
Believed apocalypse was approaching so they released the gas

Question 29

Branch Devidans?

Answer 29

Resounded 1935, Waco Texas
8 Leaders, David Karesh
Apocalyptic Cult
Preparing for the second coming of christ
Targeted people who were vulnerable, mainly college students
Recruited from all over the world
Used guns to raise money by upgrading the firearms
Controlled his members
Encouraged people to live with him
Davidians exist in scattered communities
Final attack resulted in 76 deaths, including 35 children, 4 federal agents and 2 cult members

Question 30

Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God?

Answer 30

Founded by Credonia Mwerinde and Joseph Kibweteere
Southwestern Uganda
Formed in 1989
Religious/Doomsday cult
Believed in following the ten commandments to avoid eternal damnation\
Recruited from people who were defrocked from catholicism, and who were unsatisfied with scandals from the church
Recruited friends and family members
To get funding, they sold their assets and
Predicted the end of the world on December 31, 1999
Similar beliefs to catholicism, but much more extreme and strict
The influence of the commandments was so strong that the group was discouraged to talk about the cult or their opinions in fear of breaking the ninth
On the 17th of march 2000, cult members died in a fire and a series of poisonings and suicided which were initially considered a mass suicide
Initial suspicion was revised to mass murder
Occurred after their predictions of the apocalypse failed to come true