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Anthro/Socio/Psych 11U > 2.1 - 2.3 > Flashcards

2.1 - 2.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute Dating

A

Measuring the age of a certain object

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1
Q

Relative dating

A

Comparing the ages of objects

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2
Q

Assemblage

A

A group of objects associated with each other

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3
Q

Association

A

Objects found near each other at the same sight

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4
Q

Context

A

The area in which an artifact is discovered

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5
Q

Excavation

A

Digging Archaeological sites

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6
Q

Lithic

A

Something that is made of stone or relating to stone

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7
Q

What are the different era’s of the stone age?

A
  • Paleolithic (Oldest / Past)
  • Mezzolithic (Middle)
    -Neolithic (New)
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8
Q

Matrix

A

All the elements of an archaeological site

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9
Q

Provenience

A

The place of origin of an object

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10
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Studying layers of dirt to indicate how old an object is

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11
Q

What is superposition?

A

An objects position in the ground, indicating how old the object is

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12
Q

What are the main sub-fields of anthropology?

A

Physical
Archaeological
Cultural
Linguistic

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13
Q

What is Ethnography?

A

Embedding yourself in the environment

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14
Q

What is longitudinal studies?

A

Capturing data over an extended period of time

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15
Q

Who is Margaret Mead?

A

An ethnographer who did a study on Oceania, specifically Samoa

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16
Q

What is a rite of passage?

A

A ceremony or ritual of passage when an individual leaves a group and joins another

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17
Q

What are the stages of life?

A

Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Old age

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18
Q

Who is Victor Turner?

A

Known for his work on symbols, rituals and rites of passages

19
Q

What are the three phases of a rite of passage?

A

Separation (Leaving the familiar)
Transition (Learning and growth)
Return (Reincorporation and Reintegration)

20
Q

What is liminality?

A

The transition phase, refers to the disorientation or confusion experienced in the mid stages of the process of transitioning

21
Q

What is communitas?

A

Ideal view of culture / society

22
Q

Who is Franz Boa?

A
  • Margaret Mead’s Teacher
  • One of the founders of anthropology
  • Specialist in north american aboriginal culture
  • Ethnographer
  • Gathered physical objects to study
  • Functionalist
  • Founder of the culture history school
23
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Everything in society serves a function

24
Q

Who is Marcel Mauss

A

European sociologist that founded ethnography.

25
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Society is structured into contrasting elements that connect to the overall structure

26
Q

Who is Marvin Harris?

A

American anthropologist

27
Q

What is cultural materialism?

A

The materials of culture dictate human behavior

28
Q

What is technological determinism?

A

Technology dictates human behavior

29
Q

What is archaeology?

A

The study of past human activity and society through the discovery and analysis of material culture and remains

30
Q

What is material culture?

A

The physical objects created and left behind by a culture

31
Q

What do archaeologists study?

A

Artifacts (objects created and used by humans)
Features (Human modifications)
Ecofacts (Natural Objects)

32
Q

What kind of cultures do archaeologists study?

A

Prehistoric - Before culture and society were recorded
Historic - Cultures and societies that were recorded in written records

33
Q

What is the history of archaeology?

A

Used to be very finders keeper, similar to treasure hunting before the mid 20th century when it became more sophisticated

34
Q

How do artifacts become buried over time?

A

Water
Landslides
Winds
Organisms (earth worms)

35
Q

What do archaeologists typically excavate?

A

They rarely find organic material, durable artifacts are discovered more commonly

36
Q

Which environments better preserve artifacts?

A
  • Extremely dry regions
  • Certain very wet environments
  • Frozen environments
37
Q

What is mummification?

A

Process of preservation

38
Q

What is Sempuku?

A

Honorable suicide

39
Q

What are the core roles of an archaeologist?

A

-Reconstruct (What do material remains tell us about the people who lived in the past)
-Chronologize (How can we order these moments? What does this tell us about how societies and cultures changed over time?)
-Hypothesize (What explains these changes? Archeologists will hypothesize and rigorously test hypotheses.)

40
Q

What is a site?

A

A site is a place in which evidence of past activity is preserved and can be investigated

41
Q

How are sites discovered?

A

Surface surveys (Experts look for certain features in a landscape)
Aerial surveys (Airplanes are used to identify unusual phenomena from the sky)

42
Q

Most common excavation method called?

A

Wheeler Kenyon method / Grid method

43
Q

How does an excavation occur?

A

Soil screening
Use tools, observe
Record the evidence
Analyze

44
Q

What happened in the beginning?

A

Homo Habilis (East Africa)
- Used the first stone tools
- Lived 2.5 million years ago

Homo Erectus (Asia and Europe)
- Shelters, hearths, used fire
- Lived 1-2 million years ago

45
Q

What is the 12 part timeline to agriculture?

A
  1. Began as foraging
  2. 12, 000 years ago farming began in modern day Syria
  3. Stone tools more defined
  4. New tool for processing plant foods
  5. Domesticated cattle, sheep
  6. Large scale intensive agriculture
  7. Job specialization
  8. Craftsmen, leaders, merchant
  9. Classes, including ruling class
  10. Religion
  11. Writing
  12. Record keeping

Anthro/Socio/Psych 11U (9 decks)

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