3.7 - 3.8

Question 1

What is the sociocultural theory?

Answer 1

The theory suggests that social interaction leads to systematic changes in a child’s thoughts and behavior and can vary widely from population to population.

Question 2

What are some social factors that influence personality?

Answer 2

• Ethnicity
• Gender
• Cultural influence

Question 3

What is Individualism vs Collectivism?

Answer 3

Individualism : Focusing on someone as an individual
Collectivism : Focusing on a group of people as a whole

Question 4

What are the four principles of Vygotskian Framework?

Answer 4

• Children construct their own knowledge
• Development and social context intertwine
• Learning leads to development
• Language plays a central role in cogitative development

Question 5

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 5

Defined as the range of tasks a child is able to complete
- not too difficult, not too easy and can be learned through collaboration and interaction (scaffolding)

Question 6

What is subjectivity?

Answer 6

All learners start with different understandings

Question 7

What is scaffolding?

Answer 7

Use of social support in teachers

Question 8

What are some common criticisms of the sociocultural theory?

Answer 8

• Language can affect development / Language can only be learned after development
• Focuses too much on the linguistic aspect

Question 9

Who is Lev Vygotsky?

Answer 9

A Russian and soviet psychologist

Question 10

How is sociocultural theory used in education?

Answer 10

Teachers are encouraged to used the methods demonstrated and also increase class interaction and discussions, this supposedly helps with developing someone understanding in a subject.

Question 11

What does humanistic theory focus on?

Answer 11

Focuses on the potential for positive human growth
- Views each person as basically good
- Argues that people carry a perception of themselves and the world
- The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a positive self-concept

Question 12

What is self-concept?

Answer 12

A collection of beliefs and attitudes about oneself

Question 13

Who founded the humanistic theory?

Answer 13

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Question 14

Who came up with the hierarchy of needs, and what is it?

Answer 14

Abraham Maslow
The basic goodness of humans nature and natural tendencies toward self-actualization

Question 15

What is self actualization?

Answer 15

It refers to a persons desire for fulfillment, namely the tendency to become what we are potentially.

Question 16

What are the tiers of the hierarchy of needs?

Answer 16

Self Actualization - Become the ideal version of oneself
Esteem - Need to feel respected
Love and Belonging - Desire for attachment and acceptance
Safety - Protective security needs
Physiological - Physical requirements for human survival
Maslow believed you worked up the pyramid from physiological to self actualization.

Question 17

What are some characteristics of self - actualized individuals?

Answer 17

• They perceive reality accurately
• They are independent and autonomous
• Prefer deep loving relationships with few people
• Focus on accomplishing their own goals
• They report peak experiences

Question 18

What are some self actualization criticisms?

Answer 18

• Most people tend to have positive self concepts because of the self-serving bias.
• Self actualization should be conceived as a unique process rather than as a generalized end state.
• Reinforces western values
• Little supporting research
• Fails to appreciate the reality of the human capacity for evil

Question 19

Who founded the theory of personality and what is it?

Answer 19

Carl Rogers
People need to be treated in certain conditions to grow into their actual selves.

Question 20

What is a person centered perspective?

Answer 20

Differentiating between actual self and ideal self
Actual self - Who we are based on our self concept score
Ideal self - Who you wish you were as a person

Question 21

What are the conditions stated in the theory of personality?

Answer 21

Genuineness - Are others open, honest and self disclosing to us?
Acceptance - Do others offer us unconditional positive regard?
Empathy - Do others share and mirror our feelings?
Self Consistency - Conflict between self - perceptions.

Question 22

What is Congruence vs Incongruence?

Answer 22

Congruence - Consistency between self perceptions and experience
Incongruence - The experience of conflict between the real self and the ideal self

Question 23

What is the organismic valuing process?

Answer 23

A subconscious guide that evaluates experience for its growth potential

Question 24

What are some theory of personality criticisms?

Answer 24

• Naïve view of all humans
• Does not generalize across cultures
• Challenged due to cultural variants on self-criticism and self - enhancement

Question 25

Similarities between humanistic theories?

Answer 25

• Poor testability
• Does not account for all personalities
• Naïve assumptions about human nature
• No interested in scientific testing of theory