1.6 - 1.11

Question 1

What are cultural symbols?

Answer 1

Sociologists interpret human culture through symbols
Symbols are something or someone that represents and idea, quality or condition that is widely accepted within a group of people
Flags are a widely known symbol that can be a sign of pride, respect, patriotism, and confidence. They can also be seen by some as a sign of power, colonialism and oppression.
Cultural symbols represent our values, norms and beliefs

Question 2

What are values?

Answer 2

Standards of what is considered right and morally acceptable

Question 3

What are beliefs?

Answer 3

Things that people hold to be true, or a common perception of truth

Question 4

What are norms?

Answer 4

Rules that indicate what people should do or how they should act

Question 5

Who is Rene Descartes?

Answer 5

Believed that doubt is the source of wisdom. He was worried that his knowledge in mathematics was not completely solid. Descartes had reason to believe that if something is able to cause doubt within a person, it cannot be proven that it is 100% truth.

Question 6

What is the evil genius?

Answer 6

The idea that our brains could be under control by evil demons and we would never know, now this is known more commonly as the ‘brain in a jar’ concept.

Question 7

What does Cogito Ergo Sum mean?

Answer 7

Rene descartes found that he could not doubt that he himself existed, as he was the one doing the doubting in the first place. “I think therefore I am.”

Question 8

What is psychology?

Answer 8

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context.

Question 9

What is psychiatry?

Answer 9

Treating patients in regards to the human mind, mainly prescribing medication

Question 10

What are the three main branches of psychology?

Answer 10

• Psychoanalysis (Study of the inner mind, dreams, fantasies, and emotions.)
• Cognitive (A blend of the two other mentioned branches of psychology. Often using technology to advance their understanding.)
• Behavioral (A study of humans and animals observable behavior, often in relation to certain situations.)

Question 11

Who is wilder penfield?

Answer 11

he experiments with open brain surgery on seizure victims.

Question 12

What is psychosomatic illness?

Answer 12

A physical ailment brought on by a mental or emotional stimuli

Question 13

What is hysteria?

Answer 13

Neurological symptoms accompanied by exaggerated or inappropriate behavior.

Question 14

What is placebo?

Answer 14

When someone believes what they are doing will have an effect causing their brain to trick them, when in reality nothing is happening

Question 15

What is Ivan Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 15

Classical conditioning - experiment with dogs and bells

Question 16

What are the origins for life on earth?

Answer 16

Water and energy are essential for life

Question 17

What are the classifications for life on earth?

Answer 17

The two different types of life are autotrophs (generate their own energy), and heterotrophs that consume energy. The first life form was an autotroph.

Question 18

What does LUCA stand for?

Answer 18

L.U.C.A stands for Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 19

Where is the “cradle of life”

Answer 19

The cradle of life is presumed to be located in the mid atlantic ridge

Question 20

What is RNA?

Answer 20

Most Scientists believe that RNA, or something similar to RNA was the first molecule on earth to self replicate and begin the process of self replicating.

Question 21

What are the branches of anthropology and what do they do?

Answer 21

Paleoanthropology (The study of human ancestors through their remains)
Primatology (The evolution of monkeys)
Human variation (Physical differences and physical similarities)

Question 22

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

Answer 22

Cristian, believed that a system was required to organize the earth’s species.
Believed that god’s work was perfect and all species were fixed.
His classification system was simple. Animals that were similar fell under the same category.

Question 23

Who was Donald Johanson and lucy?

Answer 23

1974 in Ethiopia he found a skeleton 40% near complete. He named her lucy. It was part of the species Australopithecus Afarensis. They existed 3.4 - 3.0 million years ago. It was about 1 meter tall and weighed around 27 kilos.

Question 24

Who was Charles Darwin?

Answer 24

A naturalist, scientist and author who established the concept of natural selection. He spent his time on the Galapagos Islands studying wildlife and fossils. Proposed that species had to evolve or they would become extinct, passing down mutated traits allow species offsprings to survive.

Question 25

Who is Gregor Mendel?

Answer 25

Crossbred different species of plants
Discovered the evolution system applies to humans as well

It wasn’t until the 20th century that a clear pattern of evolution was established by paleoanthropologists.

Question 26

Where was the birthplace of humanities ancestors?

Answer 26

Most paleoanthropologists consider africa to be the birthplace of humanities ancestors

Question 27

What is bipedalism and what are some traits?

Answer 27

Bipedalism is the ability to walk on two legs (curved spine, wide flat pelvis, slanting thigh bone, double arched foot, and big toe in line with heel.)

Question 28

What are the homo habilis?

Answer 28

According to Britannica they lived from roughly 2.4 - 1.5 million years ago.
A couple interesting facts are, they were very precise when manipulating objects physically, and they had very large brains
A similarity between homo habilis and homo sapiens is that they both possess large brain cavities in comparison to the rest of their body, a difference would be that homo habilis had elongated arms and shorter legs. (Better suited to arboreal living)
Scavenger lifestyle (food is found, bone marrow)
Size : 3’3” - 3’11”
Weight : 44.52 pounds
Thick body hair

Question 29

What are the homo erectus?

Answer 29

According to the Natural History Museum they lived roughly around 1.6 million to at least 250000 years ago.
A couple interesting facts are that homo erectus were the first to have the most human-like body, and allegedly they were the first to cook food.
A similarity between homo erectus and homo sapiens is that they both share the same body proportions, a difference is that homo erectus had more primitive teeth.
Likely to live in small groups / collaborative hunters
First ancient hominid to migrate out of africa
“Upright man”

Question 30

What are the homo neanderthals?

Answer 30

According to the Natural History Museum they lived between about 430000 and 40000 years ago.
A couple interesting facts about neanderthals is that they were very creative and crafty, having made many tools, shelters and articles of clothing for themselves. Another fact is that they were probably the first species of human to have the ability to understand and produce speech.
A similarity between the neanderthals and homo sapiens is that their general pattern of growth is very similar, a difference is that neanderthals had more elongated skulls and larger brains compared to modern humans.
Skilled hunters of large animals
Controlled fire
Buried their dead

Question 31

What does arboreal mean?

Answer 31

Pertaining to forests and / trees

Question 32

What does dystopia mean?

Answer 32

An imagined state or society in which there is great suffering

Question 33

What does satire mean?

Answer 33

The use of humor to ridicule others stupidity

Question 34

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 34

The expression “nature vs. nurture” describes the question of how much a person’s characteristics are formed by either “nature” or “nurture.” “Nature” means innate biological factors (namely genetics), while “nurture” can refer to upbringing or life experience more generally.

Question 35

What are all of the psychological vocabulary?

Answer 35

Delusion de grandeur - Someone’s false belief in their own superiority.
Reality testing - Seeing an issue for how it is not as you wish it to be.
Dissociation - A mental process where a person disconnects from their thoughts.
Cognitive dissonance - A feeling of discomfort when not following one’s values.
Existential crisis - An inner conflict caused by the thought that life lacks meaning or by confusion about someone’s identity.
Stockholm syndrome - When a victim begins to empathize with their captor or abuser and their goals.
Gaslighting - Manipulating someone into questioning their own thoughts, memories or feelings.
Social isolation - The lack of social interaction.
Paranoia - The irrational feeling that people are out to get you and that you are the subject of intrusive attention by others.
Self-actualization - The process in which an individual reaches their full potential.
Hidden curriculum - Lessons that are learned but not openly intended like norms, values, and beliefs taught in a school setting.