3.4 - 3.5

Question 1

What are the big five personality traits?

Answer 1

O - Openness / Closeness
C - Consciousness / Carelessness
E - Extrovert / Introvert
A - Agreeableness / Disagreeableness
N - Neuroticism / Emotional Stability

Question 2

What is the Pleasure Principle?

Answer 2

We are guided solely by basic desires and urges

Question 3

What is the Reality Principle?

Answer 3

Negotiations with the outside world (Goes against the pleasure principle)

Question 4

What did Freud promote as a medical drug that he also took himself?

Answer 4

Cocaine

Question 5

What is the Oedipus and Electra complex?

Answer 5

Oedipus - Young boys have an attraction to their mother
Electra - Young girls have an attraction to their father
Both view the other parent as a rival

Question 6

What is the ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

Answer 6

The inner conflict approach
- Conscious thoughts make up a small part of the mind
- Most deep thoughts and urges are pushed into the unconscious mind
- Dreams are a reflection of the unconscious mind
ID - Wants things now, represents basic drives, wants instant gratification no care for rules, present at birth
EGO - Stand for reason and good sense, guided by the reality principle, balance of ID and SUPEREGO
SUPEREGO - Develops through childhood, moral principle, acts as a conscious and floods the ego with shame and guilt
Inner war results in anxiety

Question 7

What are the three basic psychological structures?

Answer 7

Conscious
Preconscious
Subconscious

Question 8

How does the Ego protect itself, and what are the different methods?

Answer 8

Defense Mechanisms
Repression
- Removes anxiety by pushing it into the subconscious
Rationalization
- The use of self deception to justify a wrong
Displacement
- The transfer of a threatening or unsuitable object to a less threatening one
Regression
- Return to a behavior that is a characteristic of an earlier stage of life.
Projection
- People see their faults in other people
Denial
- Refusing to accept the reality of anything bad or upsetting
Reaction Formation
- Act opposite of their true feelings in order to hide true feelings
Sublimation
- Channeling basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior
Compensation
- Striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears

Question 9

What are Freuds 5 stages of development?

Answer 9

Oral stage
- Receive pleasure through their mouths (food). If a child’s needs are not met they become fixated = stuck in this stage.
- Adults stuck in this stage, may overeat, smoke, or have other excessive oral problems.
Anal stage
- Children learn their ability to control certain bodily functions
- Conflict during this stage leads to two sets of adult personalities
i. Anal Retentive - Clean stubborn & compulsive
ii. Anal Expulsive - Reckless, careless, unorganized
Phallic stage
- Children notice gender differences
- Attached to parent of opposite sex
- See same sex parent as rival
- Oedipus / Electra complex
i. Oedipus (A boy is attracted to his mother
ii. Electra (A girl is attracted to her father)
Latency stage
- Children repress all their aggressive urges and channel them into school, athletics, friends.
Genital stage
- Puberty makes people more aware of gender identity, but earlier conflicts reappear.
- Strong interest in opposite sex
- Where in earlier stages the focus was solely on individual news, interest in the welfare of others grows during this stage. The goal of this stage is to establish a balance between the various life areas.

Question 10

What are some criticisms of Freuds theories?

Answer 10

• Talk Therapy
• Pseudoscience
• Misrepresented his work
• Described homosexuality as a ‘mental glitch’
• Sexist ‘Penis Envy’
  i. Believed girls experienced anxiety from not having a dick wtf

Question 11

Who is Sigmund Freud?

Answer 11

Large figure in the psychology world
- Jewish

Question 12

What are some assumptions about behaviorism?

Answer 12

• Focuses on behavior that can be observed not measured
• Relies too much on lab experiments
• Animals could replace humans as experimental subjects
• Our personality evolves out of a series of rewards / punishments

Question 13

Who is John B Watson?

Answer 13

• Established the school of Behaviorism
• Conducted research on animal behavior
• Conducted the “Little Albert” experiment demonstrating human classical conditioning

Question 14

What was the “Little Albert Experiment”?

Answer 14

Watson Believed…
- Environment determined who we are
- He could condition a child to fearing a distinctive stimulus which the child would not normally fear
- Followed principles of classical conditioning

Experiment
- Presented albert with objects he was not initially afraid of
- Conditioning started whenever albert would try and touch the animal, the experiment would hit a large metal rod, making a loud sound
- He becomes agitated whenever presented with something furry

Question 15

What is Operant conditioning and Classical conditioning?

Answer 15

Classical (Ivan Pavlov)
- Learned through association
- Demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov
- Tested through dog and bell experiment
- Involuntary
Operant (B.F. Skinner)
- Our behaviors are based on reinforcements / rewards or punishments rather than the desire to be good people
- Tested through Rats and Pigeons
- Voluntary

Question 16

What are the types of stimulus?

Answer 16

Neutral Stimulus
- A stimulus that at first elicits no response.
Unconditioned Stimulus
- A stimulus that leads to an automatic response.
Unconditioned Response
- An automatic response to a stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus
- A stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response.
Conditioned Response
- A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral.

Question 17

What are the four types of consequence behavior?

Answer 17

Positive reinforcement (Receiving a reward when a behavior is performed)
Positive punishment (Adding and unpleasant stimulus as a consequence of behavior)
Negative reinforcement (Occurs when an unpleasant stimulus is removed)
Negative punishment (Taking something good or desirable away to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior.)
- Positive -> Add
- Negative -> Take away

Question 18

Who is Albert Bandura?

Answer 18

American Psychologist
Professor of social sciences
Believed that behavior is learned from observing others
Conducted Bobo Doll Experiment

Question 19

What was the Bobo Doll Experiment?

Answer 19

Question : To children learn behaviors by observing others

Two adult role models would do different things to the Bobo doll in front of different groups of kids, the things they would do were based on different conditions listed below.
- Non aggressive condition
- Aggressive condition
- Control condition

The results :
- Children in the aggressive condition imitated many of the modeled physical and verbal aggressive behaviors.
- Children in the non aggressive condition modeled very few of the demonstrated behavior, 70% had zero scores.
- Boys showed more physical aggression, especially after watching the male aggressive model.
- Girls showed more aggression after watching the female model.

Conclusion : Bandura concluded that learning can take place by observation, children are more likely to learn from same sex models, suggesting that Freuds’ theory of identification may be taking place.