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z - A Level Biology > 4.2.1: Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2.1: Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity

A

the variety of life on earth/of species in an environment.

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2
Q

Types of biodiversity

A
  • Species
  • Habitat
  • Genetic diversity
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3
Q

Species

A

Two individuals which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring; basic units of biological classification.

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4
Q

Types of non-random sampling

A
  • Stratified
  • Systematic
  • Opportunistic
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5
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Population divided into strata (sub-groups) e.g. male/female. Random samples then taken from each group.

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6
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

Uses organisms which are conveniently available e.g. trapping

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7
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Different areas within a habitat are identified and sampled separately, e.g. belt transect.

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8
Q

Methods of sampling living organisms

A

1) Kick sampling
2) Sweep netting
3) Collecting from trees
4) Longworth trap
5) Pitfall trap
6) Cover trap
7) Water trap
8) Tullgren funnel
9) Light trap
10) Mark-release-recapture

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9
Q

Genetic biodiversity

A

Differences between individuals of the same species

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10
Q

Habitat biodiversity

A

Range of habitats in which a species lives

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11
Q

Species biodiversity

A

Difference between species (e.g. functional differences of bacteria involved in decay and those involved in digestion)

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12
Q

What does a low Simpson’s diversity index mean?

A

Habitat has low biodiversity

Environment less stable, less able to withstand change

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13
Q

Information needed to calculate Simpson’s index

A

Number of individuals of all species in area being sampled (100% cover for plants)
Identify all species present

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14
Q

Species richness

A

Number of different species in area

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15
Q

Species eveness

A

How close in numbers each species in area is

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16
Q

High Simpson’s index

A

Area is biodiverse
More stable
Able to better withstand change

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17
Q

Gene pool

A

Distribution of different alleles in a population

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18
Q

Gene

A

Length of DNA which codes for a specific protein

19
Q

Allele

A

Variation of a gene

20
Q

Factors which increase genetic biodiversity

A

Mutation

Interbreeding between different populations

21
Q

Factors which decrease genetic biodiversity

A
  • Selective breeding
  • Rare breeds
  • Captive breeding
  • Cloning
  • Natural seletion
  • Genetic bottle necks (only a few survive an event)
  • Founder effect (small no. create new population)
  • Genetic drift (some alleles will be completely lost naturally)
22
Q

Polymorphic genes

A

Genes with more than 1 allele

23
Q

Factors affecting biodiversity

A
  • Deforestation
  • Agriculture –> monoculture
  • Climate change
  • Humans: pollution, hunting, introduction of new species (cane toad to Australia)
24
Q

Keystone species

A

A species which plays a critical role in the ecological community

25
Q

In situ conservation

A

Conservation of species in their natural habitat

26
Q

Ex situ conservation

A

Conservation of species outside of their natural habitat

27
Q

Pros of in situ

A

✔︎ Species will have all necessary resources
✔︎ Cheap
✔︎ Bigger breeding populations can be kept
✔︎ Species will have more space
✔︎ Species will continue to evolve

28
Q

Cons of in situ

A

✘ Environment may need restoring

✘ Hard to control poaching

29
Q

Cons of ex situ

A

✘ Small gene pool
✘ Often, cannot release = not adapted to disease, have not learned to hunt, cannot interbreed with wild population, habitat may have been totally destroyed

30
Q

Spearman’s rank results

A

Between 0 and 1

Higher = stronger correlation (less spread of results)

31
Q

How to communicate the results of stats tests

A

1) Find critical values
2) Comment on significance (i.e. above critical value)
3) Comment on probability (p= 0.0.5 –> 5% probability that correlation due to chance)

32
Q

d (Spearman’s)

A

Rank difference

33
Q

n (Spearman’s)

A

Number of species

34
Q

N (Simpson’s)

A

Total number of individuals found

35
Q

n (Simpson’s)

A

Number of individuals of a species found

36
Q

Why conserve species? (economic reasons)

A
  • Regulation of atmosphere and climate
  • Formation/fertilisation of soil
  • Reducing soil depletion
  • Recycling of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen)
  • Crop pollination
  • Possible sources of medicines
37
Q

Why conserve species? (ethical & aesthetic reasons)

A
  • Enjoyment of nature –> wellbeing
  • Every organism has right to survive and live where they adapted to live
  • Physical, intellectual, emotional health
38
Q

How does the founder effect decrease genetic biodiversity?

A
  • Small number of individuals create a new colony that is geographically isolated from the original
  • Increased prevalence of diseases caused by recessive alleles
39
Q

How does genetic drift decrease genetic biodiversity?

A
  • Which alleles are passed from parent to offspring is random
  • Frequency varies but some alleles are lost forever
40
Q

How does a genetic bottleneck decrease genetic biodiversity?

A

• Genetic bottleneck: only a few individuals within a population survive an event or change

41
Q

How does natural selection decrease genetic biodiversity?

A

• Only individuals with advantageous alleles survive to reproduce

42
Q

Similarities between the founder effect and genetic bottlenecking?

A
  • Both followed by genetic drift which results in change of allele frequencies
  • Initially, genetic biodiversity is lost
  • Both involve small numbers of individuals breeding with each other
  • Both may result in a new population carrying alleles that are unlikely to be representative of the original group
43
Q

Differences between the founder effect and genetic bottlenecking?

A

Bottlenecking involves individuals dying

The founder effect involves ecological separation of individuals

z - A Level Biology (25 decks)

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