4.2✅ Flashcards
what are the reasons for social change?
1) social values
2) norms
3) mores (more-rays)
4) technology
what is social values?
• this is rules that are shared by most people in a culture or the ideas that they hold in value
what is an example of social values?
• most people believe that the elderly should be respected and you should be respected and you should give up your seat for them to sit on
• women and children first in situations such as letting the off a sinking ship first
what is the norms?
• this is social expectations that guide behaviour and explain people’s behaviours. These expected behaviours vary from culture to culture
• for example in the uk people wear dark colours to a fun era but in china they wear white
what is mores?
this is the morals or good ways of behaving
- these are essential norms that society sees as vital for maintaining standards of decency and civilised behaviour
- eg: everyone would agree that killing another human is wrong
how does technology affect social change?
- the nature of crime has changed due to technology
- number of crimes committed have increase as a result of developed technology
- eg: crimes that were previously face to face now take place online (fraud)
- technology has led to new, modern crimes
- eg: upskirting, hacking, revenge porn
- social policicies change to deal with new criminal activities
- eg: computer misuse act, voyeurism act
how did views change about smoking?
1930s
- social norms to smoke
- glamourise/encouraged by doctors/celebs
- acceptable indoors, restaurants, cars, beside children
1950s
- research showed the link between smoking and lung cancer
- people’s views change when health implications of smoking were understood
how did views change about abortion?
19th century
- 15% of maternal deaths were due to abortion
- MPs/women groups concerned
1960
- fertility control more widespread
Changes
- more support of abortion than opposed due to empathy for women, younger people (generational differences)
- more opposition due to parenthood because of family, religious upbringing
- 87% UK say abortion should be allowed
what were the laws for abortion?
Offences against the Person Act 1891
- prohibits using drug to procure an abortion
The Infant Life (preservation) Act 1929
- create the offence of child destruction
Abortion Act 1967
Human fertilisation and embryology Act 1990
what is the adverts shown in abortion?
1973 All My Children (soap, opera, ABC)
- Erica Kane has a daytime TV first legal abortion
- her abortion was because she didn’t want to have the child
how did the views change around drunk driving?
1964
- first ever public information film to warn people of the dangers of drink driving
- aimed a women to stop their husbands taking to the wheel
1979
- 2/3 of young male drivers admitted drink driving on a weekly basis
Changes
- 8 in 10 young men agree it is unacceptable to drive over the legal limit
- 91% agreed drink driving was unacceptable
what is the laws of drunk driving?
1972 Licensing Act
- offence to be drunk in change of carriages, horses, cattle and steam engines
1896 British Motoring Jistory Begins
1899 First Fatal Motor Car Accident in Britain
1925 criminal justice act
- offence to be in change of any vehicles
1930 Road Traffic Act
- offence to drive under drink/ drunk driving
what social changes affect police development?
• demographic changes (immigration and racism(
• the wind rush generation
• the race relations acts
• Alan Turing
• immigration and racism: cultural change
what is the demographic changes (immigration and racism)?
• 1945 there were less than 20000 non white residents in the UK
• during the 1950s and 1960s, immigration brought in residents from the Caribbean, South Asia and Africa. More recent residents have come from Eastern Europe
• most residents have come to the UK in search of economic opportunities eg better housing and work
what is the wind rush generation?
• early arrivals, known as the ‘wind rush generation’ faced discrimination and hostility
• white people had racist stereotypes of black people as dirty, diseased, criminal
• discrimination with housing, employment and services
• 1956 a survey in Birmingham found only 1.5% of white would be willing to let a room to a black tennant
• BBC documentary found churches turning away black families to avoid upsetting white worshippers
• at the time, it was legal to discriminate
• led to explanation by landlord letting slum housing to immigrants who frequently would only get low paid low skilled jobs when well qualified
what is the race relations act?
• as a result of widespread racial discrimination a race relations act was passed in 1965
• this banned racial descrimination in public places and make hatred of colour, race, ethnicity and national origins an offence
• a further race relations act in 1968 outlawed discrimination in the key areas of employment, housing and public services
why did the race relation act replace acts?
To strengthen the law by extending a cover both direct and indirect discrimination
what is direct discrimination?
Someone treating you less favourably (eg: colour)
what is indirect descrimination?
When there is a policy/rule that applies to everyone but it has a worse effect on some groups than others
For example:
A council may rule that to get on the housing waiting list, you must have lived in the area for 5 years.
This applies to everyone but a recently arrived homeless refugee family would be disadvantaged by the rule
what was the RRA replaced by?
2010 by the Equality Act which borough together laws on racial, sex, age and disability discrimination
- it is overseen by the Equality and Human Rights Commission
what is the cultural change within immigration and racism?
• there have been cultural changes since the 1960 and a decline in prejudice towards ethnic minorities
• as a result people are more likely to see discrimination and hate crime as criminal offences
