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Criminology > 4.1✅ > Flashcards

4.1✅ Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of policy development?

A

1) informal policy making
2) formal policy making

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2
Q

what is the informal policy?

A

• non-official ideas to prevent crime
• eg:
- schools (no touch policy)
- family (rules/sanctions)

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3
Q

what is a formal policy?

A

• policies from official bodies/official ideas to prevent crime
• eg:
- prison sentence
- fine
- community orders

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4
Q

what is the neurochemicals (diet) policies?

A

• low serotonin= aggression (crime)
• neurochemicals influences brain chemistry can be altered by diet (eg foods with serotonin- salmon/tuna)

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5
Q

what did Virkkunen do?

A

(1987)
Found violent offenders had lower levels of serotonin
Eg: artificial colouring (tartrazine-hyperactivity), vitamin B3 (treats SZ & violent behaviour)

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6
Q

what is the balance of good health plate?

A

Prisons (UK) uses balance of good health plate
- reduced sugar led to 48% decreases of anti social behaviour

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7
Q

what did Gesch (2002) do?

A

• 231 volunteers
• vitamin and faulty acids supplements (affecting neurochemicals)
• or a placebo (sugar tablets)
• average aggression incidents dropped by 35% for supplements group and 6.7% for the placebo group
• this shows that diet can have an impact of reducing aggression- crime

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8
Q

what is the 3 drug treatments?

A

1) chemical castration
2) antabuse
3) methadone

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9
Q

what is chemical castration?

A

• treating sex offenders with drugs
• SSRI’s to treat OCD and control of sexual families
• anti- androgen drugs which reduces testosterone, stubestrol makes the user impotent (lowers sex drives)
• mandatory in Poland, Russia, voluntary in Germany, France, Sweden
• in Scandinavia has reduced reoffending from 40% to >5%

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10
Q

what is Antabuse?

A

• treatment for chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol
• this reduces alcoholic crime
• risk is insufficient impulse control
• taking this increases sickness
• causes discomfort/pain

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11
Q

what is methadone?

A

• substitute for heroin to reduce to reduce the withdrawal symptoms

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12
Q

what is eugenics?

A

• removing characteristics from a population
• introduced by Gatan
• eg: Holocaust
• aim to improve the genetics quality of human populations

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13
Q

what do eugenics policies include?

A

Genetic screenings, birth control, sterilisation, and forced abortions

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14
Q

what does sterilisation mean?

A

Someone who is being stopped for being able to reproduce

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15
Q

what is an example of sterilisation?

A

Nazi sterilisation caused 400,000 sterilised Jews

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16
Q

what is the law of sterilisation?

A

(1927)
• US Supreme Court made compulsory sterilisation for anyone who is deemed to be unfit

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17
Q

what biological determinism?

A

This is reinforced by genetic explanations of crime, that criminals have no free will/choice over their actions
- this justifies eugenics because the criminal population is reduced with people with these crimes eg: if criminals came out of prison they will still commit crime because of genes

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18
Q

why is eugenic policies good?

A

• pressure to control and reduce crime could be used as justification for policies
• effective if there is a criminal gene- MAOA/XYY- then eugenics would prevent future criminality

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19
Q

why is eugenic policies bad?

A

• unethical- violation of human rights and morally wrong to sterilise groups of people
• decriminalisation- of certain groups/certain characteristics, marginalised group, negative impact on individuals and wider society (easily abused)
• not all criminals have a criminal gene- there are other contributing factors for committing crime
• eugenics would not be effective in these cases- other strategies are less extremes and would be more effective
• some criminals can be reformed/rehabilitated which eugenics neglects
- criminals have free will/control over their behaviours
• sterilisation would prevent future criminals but not the individual committing crimes

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20
Q

why do we have the death penalty?

A

• driven by the biologically determined arguments
• justice for victims/families
• cost effective- frees up space in prisons
• prevents reoffending
• acts as a deterrent for other criminals

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21
Q

what is death penalty information centre (2022)?

A

• the south of USA had consistency highest murder rate and accounts for 80% of execution
• this shows that the death penalty does not act as a deterrent

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22
Q

what is the laws in death penalty?

A

• Uk is for murder only abolished in 1965 temporarily as the murder rate did not rise, abolition was made permanent in 1969 except for treason (1999)
• 2020, china is the top executioner. 483 executions in 18 countries (excluding China). Lowest number recorded in a decade. 2022-3 death penalty increased. Lowest number recorded in a decade (2020)

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23
Q

what are the benefits of the death penalty?

A

• deterrence (individual)
- murders will think twice before killing for fear of losing their own life
• retribution
- eye for an eye
- restored a balance
- brings closure to the family
• Japan had lowest crime rates
• more humane than a life sentence
• public opinion in favour for certain crimes

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24
Q

what are the limitations of death penalty?

A

• deterrence
- state in US that do not have the death penalty
- most do not expect to be caught
• wrongfully convicted people murdered
• human rights violation
• CJS should lead us to higher principles
- extends chain of violence
- pay back/ revenge
• 195 since 1973 released from death row due to innocence
• no opportunity for rehabilitation to reform
• disproportionately used against certain characteristics
- discrimination

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25
Q

what is psychoanalysis?

A

• talking therapy
• aims to access the offenders unconscious conflicts and repressed thoughts so they can be resolved
• based on the psychodynamic approach by Freud
• 1-2hours at a time 5 days a week long sessions from years

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26
Q

how could you access someone’s unconscious?

A

1) free association
- encouraging the patient to talk about anything that comes to their mind
2) hypnosis
3) dream analysis
- unconscious thoughts slip through in your dreams

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27
Q

what is the Rorschach test?

A

Inkblot test:
• recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation
• examine a person’s personality characteristics and emotional functioning
• accesses the unconscious

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28
Q

is this effective for dealing with offenders?

A

• time consuming
- cannot/has not been done on a large scale
- expensive
- time
- practical issues
• could recover painful memories that were repressed: identify causes of behaviour/ better understanding (+) or could lead to further trauma (-)
• imbalance of power for analyst- defining what is normal/abnormal- may have ethical issue- open to abuse

29
Q

what is the contradicting evidence regarding effectiveness?

A

• eyesenck
- 44% of neurotics showed improvements with psychoanalysis
- however, 72% improved with hospital treatment
• 2010- pychoanalysis works as well as CBT

30
Q

what is cognitive therapies?

A

(Cognitive= mental processes)
• cognitive behavioural therapy focuses on how thoughts and feelings shape behaviours
• offenders may have distorted thoughts which results in crime. Eg:
- justify actions
- overly ambitious
- minimising the harm they done
- overly aggressive/violent

31
Q

what is an example of CBT?

A

ART (aggression replacement training)
• a programme for violent or aggressive offenders
• it involves:
- interpretations skills training eg role play
- anger control techniques, dealing with emotions and providing offenders with alternative courses of action instead of violence
- moral reasoning training that challenges attitudes by confronting them with moral dilemmas to think about
• how does it work?
- learn what causes anger and how you express it
- learn to control emotions/behaviours
• research
- social skills in Bandura’s work
- moral reasoning is based on Kohlberg’s stages
• effective:
- shows lower reconnection rates but shows higher thinking skills but behaviour did not

32
Q

what is behaviour modification?

A

• techniques to change/shape behaviour

33
Q

how would this be useful for offenders?

A

• removes undesirable behaviours and encouraging desirable behaviours
• examples:
- aggressive
- impulsive
- egotistical

34
Q

how could you encourage distance behaviours?

A

• rewarding positive behaviours, punishing undesirable behaviours
- crimes = prison

35
Q

what is the token economy system?

A

• way of shaping behaviours in prison
• prisons are made aware of desirable behaviours
• prisoners are rewarded with a token (secondary reinforcers ) when show these behaviours
• prisoners can exchange tokens for desirable rewards (primary reinforcers)
• example of desirable behaviours:
- calm communication
- compliment to jobs
• examples of rewards:
- cigarettes
- visitations
- early release
- phone calls
- treat foods

36
Q

who is Hobbs and Holt?

A

• token economy at Alabama Boys School- for delinquents
• aimed to reduce inappropriate behaviours when lining up
• boys separated into 4 cottages and told of criteria for tokens
• 1 cottage was not told of criteria for tokens
• all behaviours showed an increase in desirable social behaviours except the control group- no token economy

37
Q

how effective is a token economy system?

A

• opportunities for rehabilitation
• supporting studies
- Hobbs and Holt was effective

38
Q

how ineffective is a token economy system?

A

• not effective for all
- some may be more motivated than others
- Fo and Davidson- ‘buddy’, less effective for less serious crime
• unethical
- dehumanising
• short term effective on changing behaviour
- superficial change
- reoffending 3years later
• pratical issues
- cost
- high turn over of staff

39
Q

what are the sociological policies?

A
  • penal populism
  • zero tolerance policy
  • multi agency approach
  • surveillance/CCTV
  • restorative justice
40
Q

what is penal populism?

A

When governments compete to get tough on crime
- ‘prison works’ from the 1990s government began to take the view that tougher penalties were needed arguing that prison works

41
Q

what are the government influences on penal populism?

A

1997 Crime (sentences) Act
1997 New Labour- ASBO’s, curfews

42
Q

what are the effects of penal populism?

A
  • penal populism increased the use of imprisonment and social controls
  • impact on public opinions
  • crested exclusion and divisiveness in liberal democracies as this silences perspectives for the dangerous other the are considered enemies that should be eradicated
  • incapacitation, rehabilitation, recidivism, deterrence
43
Q

how is penal populism supported by right realism?

A

Informed by right realism that criminals make a rational choice to commit crime so harsher punishment would act as a deterrence

44
Q

what is the theory for zero tolerance policy?

A

Wilson and Kelling’s ‘broken windows’ theory argues that a disorderly neighbourhood sends out the message that nobody cares
- this attracts more offenders

45
Q

what realism supports zero tolerance policy?

A

Informed by right realism and ‘broken windows’ theory as environmental crime prevention

46
Q

what is environmental improvement strategy?

A

All signs of disorders must be tackled promptly

47
Q

what is an example of zero tolerance policing?

A

• the police enforce laws and involves giving the police less freedom to use discretion, the police are obliged to hand out strict penalties for criminal activity

48
Q

why would environmental crime prevention work?

A

• reduce the opportunities for crime to occur in an environment

49
Q

why is zero tolerance policy effective?

A

• crime has fallen in some places after ZPT introduced
• ZTP can lead to targeting of ethnic minorities due to police racism
• fails to tackle structural causes of crime such as poverty

50
Q

what is multi- agency?

A

• means that minor crimes/deviance is not wasting police time
- neighbourhood watch, PCSO (useful in monitoring crime and dealing with it
• crime control must involve many different agencies apart from the police

51
Q

what is an example of multi agency approach?

A

NKNL
- multi agency approach
- schools, police, young services to prevent knife crime
- however, may be a diffusion of responsibility/lack of communication

52
Q

what realism supports multi agency approach?

A

informed by left realism, involvement of all agencies to deal with and prevent crime

53
Q

what is the legislation of multi- agency approach?

A

• crime and disorder act (1998)
- agencies involved to help tackle crime is the police, fire and rescue authority local authorities, health partners and probation services
• community that care
- Labour

54
Q

what is a modem version of the Panopticon?

A

CCTV is a modem version of the panopticon

55
Q

what are types of CCTV/surveillances?

A

• ring doorbell
• dashcam
• CCTV
• social media
• ANPR (automatic number plate recognition)
• speed camera

56
Q

how does this prevent crime?

A

• can deter criminals- fear of being watched/getting caught

57
Q

why is surveillance/CCTV is effective?

A

• high volume of CCTV can produce evidence And create a timeline useful in prosecution
• can observe more than a single point in time
• deter

58
Q

why is surveillance/CCTV is ineffective?

A

• practical issues with CCTV
• research has suggested that few criminals are actually deterred by CCTV can lead to displacement- moves crime to a different place rather that stopping it altogether

59
Q

what is the restorative justice?

A

• an approach to justice to repair harm by getting those harmed and those who were harmful to communicate about the crime
- the offender takes responsibility for his crime
- allows reintegration of the offender into the community
- encourages reparation being made to the victim
• a facilitated restorative meeting is held to enable a mutual understanding and reach the best solution of the issue
- gives victims satisfaction, reduces fear

60
Q

what is behaviour modification?

A

techniques to change/shape behaviour

61
Q

how would this be useful for offenders?

A

• remove undesirable behaviours and encouraging desirable behaviour
• eg:
- aggressive
- impulsive
- egotistical

62
Q

how could you do behaviour modification?

A

• rewarding positive behaviours, punishing undesirable behaviours
- crimes= prison

63
Q

what could be used as behaviour modification?

A

Token economy system

64
Q

what is the token economy system?

A

• way of shaping behaviours in prison
• prisons are made aware of desirable behaviours
• prisoners are rewarded with a token (secondary reinforcers) when shows these behaviours
• prisoners can exchange takers for desirable rewards (primary reinforcers)
• example of desirable behaviours:
- calm communication
- component to jobs
• examples of rewards:
- cigarettes
- visitation
- early release
- treat food

65
Q

who is Hobbs and Holt (1976)?

A

• token economy at Alabama Boys School- for delinquents
• aimed to reduce inappropriate behaviours when lining up
• boys separated into 4 cottage’s and told of criteria for tokens
• 1 cottage was not told of criteria of criteria for token’s social behaviours except the control group- no token economy

66
Q

why is the token economy system effective?

A

• opportunities for rehabilitation
• supporting studies
- Hobbs and Holt was effective

67
Q

how is the token economy system ineffective?

A

• not effective for all
- some may be more motivated then others
- Fo and Davidson
> buddy
> less effective for less serious crimes
• unethical
- dehumanising
• short term effective on changing behaviour
- superficial change
- reoffending 3 years later
• practical issues
- cost
- high turn over of staff

68
Q

what is an example of chemical castration/social change?

A

Alan Turing

69
Q

who is Alan Turing?

A

• born in England in 1912
• teachers noticed he was a maths genius
• at school he realised he was gay
• at college he created the idea of a machine that could break the code (war hero) of the Nazi’s
• some of his stuff were robbed, he called the police and he said his boyfriend may have stolen it
• Turing has been given option he chose chemical castration
• he was charged will gross decency
• the chemical castration made him depressed and he killed himself

Criminology (9 decks)

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