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Criminology > 2.3 > Flashcards

2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

who created the strain theory?

A

MERTON (1938)

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2
Q

what is the strain theory?

A

• the strain between the accepted goals of the society and the socially approved means of reaching them
• states the root of crime in unequal structure of society
• blocked opportunities- WC face cover
• this creates a strain between the goals
• structural theory and functionalist
• suggests crime is committed by WC
• the strain creates an anomie and puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals even though they lack the means of doing so
• noted American Society was built around the American Dream- not everyone could achieve this- no balance between the strong drive to achieve the dream and the actual cheques of succeeding

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3
Q

what is the 4 reactions to crime?

A

1) ritualism- simply going through the motions- accept means and reject goals
2) innovation- seeking new ways of achieving goals, including crime. Reject means and accept goals
3) retreatism- turning to drugs or alcohol in respiration. Reject means and reject goals
4) conformity- accept means and accept goals

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4
Q

what is an anomie?

A

turning to political and social rebellion

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5
Q

what is the evaluation for strain theory?

A

• too general- it’s a sweeping view of working class
• unrepresentative
• stereotypical- create and use bad stereotypes of WC

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6
Q

what is a subculture?

A

a small group within society with its own norms and values compared to the rest of society

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7
Q

who is Walter Miller?

A

• He noticed male WLC had certain interests which he called focal concerns
• Acting tough/looking for excitement

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8
Q

who is Cohen?

A

• argues that criminal and delinquent subcultures turn the norms and values of the rest of society upside down
• members of criminal subcultures might be rewarded by the subculture with positive sanction for behaving this way
- praise, receiving money, high status in the group

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9
Q

what is delinquency?

A

Behaviour that breaks the law or is seen as unacceptable and is mostly linked to the youth

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10
Q

how does delinquency cause crime?

A

• the lack of success makes them feel frustrated at their position in society
- Cohen calls this status frustration

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11
Q

what is an example of subculture theory?

A

trainspotters, drug owners, skateboarders

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12
Q

how does the teachers treat subcultures?

A

Put them in lower sets. Working class are most like to fail at school and end up with low paying jobs

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13
Q

how are subcultures created?

A

Cultural and deprivation

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14
Q

who’s theory is the functionalist- structural theory?

A

Durkeim

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15
Q

what does Durkeim believe in?

A

• Sees crime as a stable structure based on shared norms, values and believes
• significance of crime and rule breaking in society
• people share collective sentiments which is where we share ideas of what is wrong and right in society

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16
Q

what is an example of the structural theory?

A

Jamie Bulgar reminded society of how wrong the crime is and makes them stand up against what is wrong

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17
Q

what is the main 4 elements of the structural theory?

A

1) Boundary maintenance
2) Social change
3) Safety value
4) Warning lights

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18
Q

what is boundary maintenance?

A

reminding society of what’s right/wrong when people turn against the criminal

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19
Q

what is social change?

A

For society to progress norms must be broken

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20
Q

what is safety value?

A

Eg: prostitution acts to allow men release sexual frustrations without threatening nuclear family- letting off steam to prevent major crime

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21
Q

what does Davis argue?

A

Argued prostitution helps men release sexual frustration without threatening nuclear family

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22
Q

what is the warning light?

A

Deviance indicates that an institution isn’t working properly eg high truancy rates

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23
Q

what is Durkeim’s reasons for crime?

A

• reinforce crime
• social change

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24
Q

why is crime necessary?

A

For society to work as it keeps social control in check when people are punished

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25
Q

how does functionalist see society?

A

As a complex system consisting of various institutions which govern behaviour of individuals eg london riots

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26
Q

who created the 3 subcultures?

A

Cloward and Ohlin

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27
Q

what are the 3 subcultures?

A

1) criminal subcultures
2) conflict subcultures
3) retreatist subcultures

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28
Q

what is interactionalism?

A

This refers to how people in society interact with each other

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29
Q

who supports the interactionalism theory?

A

Howard Becker

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30
Q

what is Becker theory?

A

Labelling theory

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31
Q

what do interactionalism believe about crime statistics?

A

That they are socially constructed and crime itself is socially constructed

32
Q

who label certain acts?

A

agent of social control (eg police) as deviant/criminal and punish accordingly

33
Q

who created the 2 types of deviance?

A

Edwin Lemert

34
Q

what are 2 types of deviance?

A

Primary deviance
Secondary deviance

35
Q

what is primary deviance?

A

Deviance that has not been socially labelled as deviant

36
Q

what is secondary deviance?

A

Acts that are labelled as deviant

37
Q

what does the self fulfilling prophecy turn into?

A

Master status

38
Q

what is deviance amplification?

A

The media can demonise people/groups of people and create a moral panic. They are made into folk devils
- this can occur which makes it difficult for someone to get rid of their label

39
Q

what is the labelling theory?

A

this states interactions with one another as based on meanings/labels

40
Q

what is an example for the labelling theory?

A

‘Criminal’ is a label that some people may attach to other in interactions with one another

41
Q

what is crime and criminals seen as?

A

Social constructs
- meanings that we create through our social interactions

42
Q

what does labelling certain groups as criminal cause?

A

Differential enforcement
- when police enforce more against 1 group than against another

43
Q

what did Piliavian and Briar found?

A

Decisions to arrest were based on stereotypical ideas about a persons manner, dress, class, ethnicity, time and place

44
Q

what do the interactionalism believe about crime statistics?

A

• they reject the use of the crime statistics complied by the police
• they argue that the statistics measure what the police do rather than what criminals do

45
Q

what is a crime statistic example?

A

If the police stereotype working class males as typical criminals they will spend more time pursuing this group than middle class white collar crimes
- as a result the statistics will be full of WC males because of the police’s stereotypes
- their statistics are just for a special constructions not amount of crime

46
Q

what is the Marxist theory?

A

a structural theory- society is unequal and shapes people’s behaviour
there are 2 classes:
1) bourgeoisie
2) proletariat

47
Q

what is the bourgeoisie?

A

The ruling classes
- own the means of production (businesses, land, etc)

48
Q

what is the proletariat?

A

the working class
- they are exploited by the bourgeoisie

49
Q

what does capitalism cause?

A

Criminogenic (crime causing)
- exploitation can lead people to poverty
- utilitarian crimes are committed because capitalism pushes consumer goods
- WCC is also due to capitalism- always wanting more profit through committing corporate

50
Q

how does the Marxist theory want to make and enforce the law?

A

different society classes are policed differently
- proletariat are policed heavily because they are expected to commit more crime

51
Q

what does Chambliss believe?

A

Laws are made to protect the rich
- very few laws challenge the distribution of wealth

52
Q

what does Marxists believe in law?

A

Believe that an average, 42% of the statistics presented by the government are false and misleading

53
Q

who is Laura Bush?

A
  • on the bush to cinema ran over a man
  • her parents were rich and paid for a lawyer
  • Bush forgot about it
54
Q

what is the selective law enforcement?

A

WCC are less likely to be prosecuted that working class crimes
Corporate crimes are punished less severely

55
Q

what is an ideology?

A

A set of ideas/beliefs that hide the inequality of capitalist society

56
Q

what does the selective enforcement cause?

A

Makes it looks like crime is all down to the working class
- this creates a divide within the working class where they blame each other rather than capitalism
- shifts the attention away from WCC
- encourages the working class to accept capitalism instead of fighting for an equal society

57
Q

what is right realism?

A

right wing / conservative outlook
- get tough on crime

58
Q

what is biological differences?

A

Wilson and Hernstein
- personality traits associated with criminality are innate
• aggression
• risk taking
• low inteligence

59
Q

what is inadequate socialisation?

A
  • socialisation that is effective can reduce the chances of someone offending by teaching them self control and correct values
  • the nuclear family is seen as the best agency of socialisation
60
Q

what does Murray suggest about nuclear family?

A
  • being undermined by generous welfare benefits
  • he believes this had led to the increase in welfare dependent lone parent families
  • father no longer need to be at home take responsibility for supporting their families since the state does it
61
Q

what is the underclass?

A

This is created by welfare dependency suggested by Murray these are who fail to socialise their children properly
- absent fathers mean boys lack discipline and a male role model as they do not see a man who works to supports his family
- this causes delinquent role models, young men gain status through crime rather than supporting their families

62
Q

what is the rational choice theory?

A

this suggests we are rational being with free will
- committing a crime is a choice based on a rational calculation of consequences
- if rewards outweigh the risks people will be more likely to offend
- tight realism argues the rate of crime is high as the perceived costs of crime are low

63
Q

what is Felson’s routine activity theory?

A

he argued 3 factors are necessary for crime to occur
1) motivated offender
2) suitable target (victim/property)
3) absence of a capable guardian (police officers)
Felton sees offenders as acting rationally which is a why the presence of a guardian is likely to deter them

64
Q

what is the left realism?

A

left wing/political outlook

65
Q

what is relative deprivation?

A
  • people are motivated by consumerism/materialism
  • this is how deprived/badly off someone is in relation to others
66
Q

who is Lea and Young?

A

two causes of relative deprivation:
1) media shows messages of consumer goods
2) unequal society due to cuts in benefits and low pay

67
Q

what is subcultures and marginalisation?

A

criminal subcultures want to achieve the material goals but they resorts to crime. They feel they are discriminated against in jobs because of their education

68
Q

what does Lea and young believe about marginalisation?

A

Marginalisation groups lack representation in organisations. They feel powerless and frustrated which they express through crime eg violence and rioting

69
Q

How does left realism see society?

A
  • Sees an inequality in capitalist society as the root causes of crime
  • They argue that the main victims are disadvantaged groups
  • Crime rates are highest in working class areas with high employment and deprivation
70
Q

what prison design does Foucault design?

A

Panopticon

71
Q

what is disciplinary power?

A

Increasingly controlled through surveillance

72
Q

what is Panopticon?

A
  • they have to constantly behave themselves due to the watchtower and prisoners don’t know if they are being watched
  • this turns to self surveillance and self discipline because the control is invisible
73
Q

what prison design is by Mathiesen?

A

Synoptic

74
Q

what does synopticon mean?

A

Everybody watches each other

75
Q

what is an example of synoptic?

A
  • dash cam
  • helmet camera
  • phones
  • neighbourhood watch
  • word of mouth
76
Q

what is actuarial?

A

Calculating the risk of certain events happening

77
Q

who is Feeley and Simon?

A
  • Actuarial Justice aims to predict and prevent future offending
  • It uses statistics to reduce crime by compiling profiles of likely offenders

Criminology (9 decks)

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