2.2✅ Flashcards
what does Bandura suggests?
suggested we learn criminal behaviour from others
who might we learn behaviours from?
• roles models such as:
- parents
- peers
- teachers
- media
what is social learning theory?
Proposes that we learn through observing behaviour and then imitating behaviour and then imitating behaviour of role models. Why?
- respect
- conforming
- norm
what is Bandura Bobo Doll study (1963)?
• lab experiment
• children watched 2 different adult role models interact with a bobo doll
• aggressive- kicked, hit with hands, mallet, threw doll
• non-aggressive- neutral play
• children were then put in the room with the bobo doll to see if they imitated
what are is the results of the study?
• aggressive role model- children imitated
• non-aggressive role model- non-aggressive role model
• more likely to imitate if role model was the same sex- able to identify
• males were more aggressive- Y chromosome as high testosterone, exposed more to violence
when would we be more likely to imitate behaviour?
• vicarious reinforcements
- indirect reinforcement- observe others, rewarded/punished
- more likely to imitate if the model was rewarded eg robbery- gang
- less likely to imitate if the mode was punished eg arrest, social exclusion
what is the operant learning theory?
By Skinner
• behaviour that results in a reward is likely to be repeated (positive reinforcement)
• the opposite for punishment
what is behaviourism?
cause to someone’s behaviour lies in the reinforcement/punishment
- this explains criminal behaviour
what is Jeffery’s theory?
If crime is more rewarding consequences than punishing ones they will be more likely to engage in criminal behaviour
- this could be finance rewards as well as emotional (friendship, respect, peers)
what is the association theory?
Sutherland suggests individuals learn criminal behaviour in the family and peer groups. This is the result of 2 factors:
1) imitation of criminal acts
2) learning attitudes
how does imitation result to criminality?
Individuals can acquire criminals skills/technique through observation
how does learning attitudes result in criminality?
socialisation within the group exposed the individual to attitudes/values about the law. Some may be favourable to the law or unfavourable. If the individual internalises more unfavourable than favourable attitudes/values they are more likely to become criminals
what is an example of learning attitudes?
WCC Sutherland found group attitudes in the workplace often normalise criminal behaviour. This made it easier for individuals to justify own behaviour
what is the strengths for social learning theory?
• supporting evidence from Bobo Doll experiment- effect of role model and observation on imitating behaviour- especially aggressive behaviour
• can be used to explain a wide range of criminality- James Bulgar/ copy cat murders/ reoffending/ WCC
what is the limitation in social learning theory?
• only a partial explanation for criminality- not all criminality is learnt eg people have free will and make a conscious choice not commit crime
• potentially lead to stereotypes and SFP - labelling individuals as criminals because of their role models
• fail to take into account biological theories
• Bobo Doll experiment- artificial- Bobo Doll was made to be hit
what did Freud believe?
Ice berg theory
- focused on childhood experiences and how these influenced personality and adulthood
- eg trauma may cause criminal behaviour this could be maternal deprivation (MD)
• loss/breakdown of care from mother
• Bowlby- affectionless psychopath this is someone who lacks guilt or empathy
• 44 thieves- 14/44 (AP), 12/44 (separation)
what did Freud believe about the mind?
Believed our mind could be broken into conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
