4104FSBMOL - Lecture 2 - Anatomy & Physiology 2. Flashcards by William Tyne

What are the 5 Functions of the Nervous System?

Sensory Input.
Integration.
Homeostasis.
Mental Activity.
Control of Muscles and Glands.

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What are the Different Divisions of the Nervous System?

The Central Nervous System (CNS).
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
The Sensory or Afferent Division.
The Motor or Efferent Division.
The Somatic Motor Nervous System.
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
The Sympathetic Division.
The Parasympathetic Division.
The Enteric Nervous System.

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What Organs have Endoderm Germ Layers in Vertebrates?

Gut, Liver and Lungs.

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What Organs have Mesoderm Germ Layers in Vertebrates?

Skeleton, Muscle, Kidneys, Heart and Blood.

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What Organs have Ectoderm Germ Layers in Vertebrates?

Skin and Nervous System.

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What Organ(s) have Endoderm Germ Layers in Insects?

Gut.

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What Organs have Mesoderm Germ Layers in Insects?

Muscle, Heart and Blood.

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What Organs have Ectoderm Germ Layers in Insects?

Cuticle and Nervous System.

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What are the 2 main Cranial Nerves?

Olfactory and Optic.

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What does the Olfactory Cranial Nerve do?

It helps us to smell things. Odourants bind to the receptors and this activates and sends electrical signals to the higher regions of the brain.

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What does the Optic Cranial Nerve do?

It helps us to see things. The Retinas in our eyes contain different coloured cones and rods which are sensitive to different colours of light.

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What are the different parts of an eye?

Pupil.
Iris.
Lens.
Retina.
Optic Nerve.

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What colour is the Short-wave cone?

(HINT: Think of the Colour Spectrum).

Blue.

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What colour is the Middle-wave cone?

(HINT: Think of the Colour Spectrum).

Green.

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What colour is the Long-wave cone?

(HINT: Think of the Colour Spectrum).

Red.

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Are Rod Cells more or less sensitive to Dim light than the Cones?

More.

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What are the different Lobes of the Brain?

Frontal Lobe.
Parietal Lobe.
Occipital Lobe.
Temporal Lobe.
Cerebellum.

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Where is the Cerebellum located in the Brain?

The Lower back behind the Brain Stem.

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What is the Main Blood Artery in the Brain called?

Basilar Artery.

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What are some of the other Arteries in the Upper Part of the Body/ Brain called?

Internal/ External Carotid Arteries.
Vertebral Arteries.
Common Carotid Artieres.
Subcalvian Arteries.
Innominate Artery.

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What are the 2 parts of the Horns in the Brain called in the CNS?

Anterior Horn (Top part).
Inferior Horm (Bottom part).

Which direction does the Cerebrospinal Fluid flow in the Brain?

(front half)

Clockwise direction.

Which direction does the Cerebrospinal Fluid flow in the Brain?

(back half)

Anticlockwise.

What are the 4 Divisions of Nerves in the Spinal Column?

Cervical Division.
Thoracic Division.
Lumbar Division.
Sacral Division.

What are the **Functions** of the **Nerves** in the **Cervical Division** (C1-C8) of the Spinal Column?

Breathing, Heart Rate, Movement of the Head, Neck, shoulders, wrist, elbow, hand and fingers.

What are the **Functions** of the **Nerves** in the **Thoracic Division** (T1-T12) of the Spinal Column?

Hand and Finger Movements, Sympathetic Tone - temperature regulation, trunk stability and ejaculation.

What are the **Functions** of the **Nerves** in the **Lumbar Division** (L1-L5) of the Spinal Column?

Ejaculation, Hip motion, knee extension, foot motion and knee flextion.

What are the **Functions** of the **Nerves** in the **Sacral Division** (S1-S5) of the Spinal Column?

Foot motion, Penile errection and bowel and bladder activity.

Where is a **Spinal Tap** inserted?

In the lower area of the Lumbar Region of the Spine (L4/L5).

What **Cell Types** make up a *Neuron*?

* **Multipolar** (several dendrites and 1 axon). * **Bipolar** (1 dendrite and 1 axon). * **Unipolar** (a neuron with 1 axon).

What **Cell Types** make up *Neuroglia*?

* **Astrocytes** (star-shaped). * **Ependymal Cells** (Squamous epithelial-like). * **Microglia** (small mobile cells). * **Oligodendrocytes** (cell with processes that can surround several axons). * **Schwann cells** (single cells surrounding axons).

What is an **Axon**? | (nerves)

An impulse generating and conduction region.

Which way does an impulse flow in a neuron?

From Nucleus end to Axonal Terminals.

What is the name of the covering which covers each nerve cell in a neuron? ## Footnote What is its role?

Myelin Sheath. ## Footnote To act as insulation and increase the speed and efficiency of nerve impulses.

What are the **3 Types of Neuron** in the *Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)*?

* Sensory Neuron. * Motor Neuron. * Interneuron.

What does a **Sensory Neuron** do?

Sends nerve impulses **from the muscles** to the Brain to send to the Motor Neuron.

What does a **Motor Neuron** do?

Sends nerve impulses **from the Brain** to the Muscles (Quads and Hamstring) to enact movement.

What does an **Interneuron** do?

It conects the Sensory Neuron and the Motor Neuron together like a bridge.

What are the 3 levels in the PNS?

* Receptor Level. * Circuit Level. * Perceptual Level.

What is another name for the **Sympathetic side** of the Autonomical Nervous System (ANS)? ## Footnote Why is it called this?

Thoracolumbar ## Footnote It works with the nerves in the Thoracic and Lumbar regions of the Spinal Column.

What is another name for the **Parasympathetic side** of the Autonomical Nervous System (ANS)? ## Footnote Why is it called this?

Craniosacral. ## Footnote It works with the Cranial/ Cervical (in the medulla) and Sacral regions of the Spinal Column.

What parts make up the Respiratory System?

* Nose and Paranasal Sinuses. * Pharynx and the subdivisions - nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. * Larynx. * Trachea. * Brochi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and alveoli

What are the **5 functions of the Respiratory System**?

* Filters and humidifies the air and moves **air into and out of the lungs**. * Provides a **large surface area for gas exchange** with the blood. * Helps to **regulate the pH** of the body fluids. * Participates in **vocalization**. * Assists the **olfactory system** with the detection of **smells**.

What is Inflammation of the Inner Ear called? ## Footnote Why does it happen?

Acute otitis media. ## Footnote In children under *15 years old* it can occur due to **normal drainage towards the nasopharynx by gravity being compromised**.

What is the **Smallest Bone** in the body called and where is it **found**?

The **Stapes/ Stirrup** (found in the **middle ear**).

What are the **4 Paranasal Sinuses**?

* Frontal. * Ethmoid. * Sphenoidal. * Maxillary.

What is the Pharynx another name for?

Throat.

What are the 3 regions of the Pharynx (Throat)?

* Nasopharynx. * Oropharynx. * Laryngopharynx.

Where is the **Pharyngeal Tonsil** located?

Back roof of the mouth.

Where is the **Palatine Tonsil** located?

Back sides of the mouth.

Where is the **Lingual Tonsil** located?

Back/ behind the tongue.

What are the differences between a Bacterial and Viral Infection in the Throat?

* Bacterial - swollen uvula, white spots, red swollen tonsils, grey furry tongue. * Viral - red swollen tonsils and throat redness.