Functional Groups.

Question 1

Name as many functional groups as you can.

Answer 1

Alkane (C-C), Alkene (C=C), Alkyne (C≡C), Benzene Ring (C₆H₆), Amine (R-NH₂, R₂-NH or R₃-N), Alcohol (R-OH), Ether (R-O-R), Alkyl Halide (R-F, R-Cl, R-Br, R-I), Thiol (R-SH), Aldehyde (R-CHO), Ketone (R-C(=O)-R), Ester (R-COO), Carboxylic Acid (R-COOH), Amide (R-CONH₂, R-CON(H)-R, R-CON-R₂), Epoxide (triangle to O), Acid Anhydride (R-C(O)O(O)C-R), Nitrile (R-C≡N), Disulfide (R-S-S-R), Imine (R-C=N-R), Acyl/ Acid Chloride (R-COCl), Nitro (R-NO₂), Sulphide (R-S-R).

Question 2

What does an ‘R’ group mean?

Answer 2

An organic chain (with out without other functional groups).

(e.g. CH₃CH₂-).

Question 3

Alkane.

Answer 3

C-C.

Question 4

Alkene.

Answer 4

C=C.

Question 5

Alkyne.

Answer 5

C≡C.

Question 6

Benzene (Ring).

Answer 6

C₆H₆.

Question 7

Phenol.

Answer 7

C₆H₅-OH.

(Benzene ring with a hydroxyl group attached).

Question 8

Primary Amine.

Answer 8

• R-NH₂.

Question 9

Secondary Amine.

Answer 9

• R₂NH.

Question 10

Tertiary Amine.

Answer 10

• R₃N.

Question 11

Alcohol.

Answer 11

R-OH.

Question 12

Ether.

Answer 12

R-O-R.

Question 13

Alkyl Halide (Haloalkane).

Answer 13

• R-F.
• R-Cl.
• R-Br.
• R-I.

Question 14

Thiol.

Answer 14

R-SH.

Question 15

Aldehyde.

Answer 15

R-CHO.

Carbon doubled bond to oxygen (R-C=O) and carbon single bond to hydrogen (C-H) from the same carbon.

Question 16

Ketone.

Answer 16

R-C(O)-R.

Carbon double bond to oxygen (C=O).

Question 17

Ester.

Answer 17

R-C(O)O-R.

Carbon double bond to one oxygen (R-C=O) and a carbon single bond to the other oxygen (C-O-R). Both oxygens attached to the same carbon.

Question 18

Carboxyllic Acid.

Answer 18

R-COOH.

Carbon double bond to one oxygen (R-C=O) and a carbon single bond to a hydroxyl group (C-OH). Both groups attached to the same carbon.

Question 19

Primary Amide.

Answer 19

R-C(O)NH₂.

Carbon double bond to the oxygen (R-C=O) and a Carbon single bond to the amine group (C-NH₂) both from the same carbon.

Question 20

Secondary Amide.

Answer 20

R-C(O)N(H)-R

Carbon double bond to the oxygen (R-C=O) and a Carbon single bond to the secondary amine group (C-N(H)-R) both from the same carbon.

Question 21

Tertiary Amide.

Answer 21

R-C(O)N-R₂.

Carbon double bond to the oxygen (R-C=O) and a Carbon single bond to the tertiary amine group (C-N-R₂) both from the same carbon.

Question 22

Epoxide.

Answer 22

Cyclic Structure Shape (Triangle) with an Oxygen on one peak.

Question 23

(Acid) Anyhdride.

Answer 23

R-C(O)O(O)C-R.

Carbon double bond to an oxygen (R-C=O) and a carbon single bond to an oxygen (R-C-O-). Repeat on the other side forming a (R-C-O-C-R) structure with double bond oxygens on both carbons.

Question 24

Nitrile.

Answer 24

R-C≡N.

Question 25

Disulfide.

Answer 25

R-S-S-R.

Question 26

Imine.

Answer 26

R-C=N-R.

Question 27

Acid/ Acyl Chloride.

Answer 27

R-C(O)Cl.

Carbon double bond to the oxygen (R-C=O) and a Carbon single bond to a chlorine atom (C-Cl) from the same carbon.

Question 28

Nitro.

Answer 28

R-NO₂.

Question 29

Sulphide.

Answer 29

R-S-R.

Question 30

What are the different type of reactions that can occur between functional groups?

Answer 30

• Electrophilic Reactions.
• Nucleophilic Reactions.
• Polarity Reactions.
• Dative (Co-ordinate) Covalent Bonding Reactions.
• Addition Reactions.
• Elimination Reactions.
• Substitution Reactions.