4104FSBMOL - Lecture 1a - Anatomy & Physiology 1. Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 Cardinal Planes?
A
- Sagittal Plane.
- Coronal Plane.
- Transverese/ Axial Plane.
2
Q
Describe the Sagittal Plane.
A
Splits the Body into Left and Right Sections.
3
Q
Describe the Coronal Plane.
A
Splits the body into Front and Back Sections.
4
Q
Describe the Transverse/ Axial Plane.
A
Splits the body into Top and Bottom Sections.
5
Q
Which direction is Superior?
A
Towards the Head (Top).
6
Q
Which direction is Inferior?
A
Towards the Feet (Bottom).
7
Q
Which direction is Anterior?
A
Towards the Tummy (Front).
8
Q
Which direction is Posterior?
A
Towards the Back.
9
Q
How does the Superior and Inferior direction (Up and Down) change in animals?
A
Up is Dorsal, Down is Ventral.
10
Q
What is the Proximal direction in the Arms?
A
Upper.
11
Q
What is the Distal direction in the Arms?
A
Lower.
12
Q
What is the Proximal direction in the Legs?
A
Upper.
13
Q
What is the Distal direction in the Legs?
A
Lower.
14
Q
What is the Dorsal direction in the Feet?
A
Upper.
15
Q
What is the Plantar direction in the Feet?
A
Lower.
16
Q
What is the Palmar direction in the Hands?
A
Forward (palms face forward).
17
Q
What is the Dorsal direction in the Hands?
A
Backward (palm facing forward).
18
Q
What does Abduction mean?
A
Moving a Limb away from the body.
19
Q
What does Adduction mean?
A
Moving a Limb towards the body.
20
Q
How many Genes do Humans have?
A
About 20,000.
21
Q
What do Genes do?
A
They code for a protein by transcribing (writing) RNA molecules.
22
Q
What does a Protein do?
A
They can:
* Activate enzymes.
* Direct Vesicles to fuse with the Plasma Membrane.
* Direct Actin molecules to assemble filament.
* Turn Genes On and Off.
23
Q
What is a Genotype?
A
All factors responsible for the genetic constitution of an individual.
24
Q
What is a Phenotype?
A
An individuals characteristics resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment.
25
What are **Epigenetic Factors**?
Factors with are affected by Drugs, Aging and Diet.
| (These affect the development of genes).
26
When does the **First Cell Differentiation** occur?
**Day 10** of the Cycle.
27
What are the 3 Germ Layers?
* (Dorsal Surface) Ectoderm.
* Endoderm.
* Mesoderm.
28
Where do you find the Endoderm?
In the Gut, Liver and Lungs.
29
Where do you find the Mesoderm?
In the Skeleton, Muscles, Kidney, Heart and Blood.
30
Where do you find the Ectoderm?
In the Skin and Nervous System.
31
What does **Ontogeny** mean?
Changes with **Age**.
## Footnote
e.g. Size (absolute growth) and proportion (relative growth).
32
What is **Osteogenesis**?
The conversion of Mesenchymal Progenitors into Myoblasts and Myocytes.
33
What does **Intramembranous Ossification** mean?
Babies with Soft Skulls.
34
What can Longitudinal Growth Lead to?
Abnormal Size.
35
What can Bone Mineralization Lead to?
Osteomalacia.
36
What can Bone Remodelling Lead to?
Osteoporosis.
37
Whats the Difference between the Skull and Cranium?
The Skull has a Mandible, the Cranium doesn't.
38
Whats the name for just the Skull Cap?
Collot.
39
What is **Limb Budding**?
When Coalescing happens to form different parts of the bone.
40
What are the 3 parts of a Limb?
* Stylopod.
* Zeugopod.
* Autopod.
41
What does **Stylopod** mean?
The **upper** part of a limb.
## Footnote
e.g. Humerus and Femur.
42
What does **Zeugopod** mean?
The **Middle** part of an Arm (always has 2 bones).
43
What does **Autopod** mean?
Hands and Feet - contain lots of bones.
44
Where can you find the **Sesamoid Bone**?
Kneecap.
45
What are the different parts of a growing bone?
* Epiphysis.
* Physis (growth plate).
* Metaphysis.
* Diaphysis.
46
How can you describe the inside of a bone?
Spongy, Strong and Lightweight with a Blood Vessel and Bone Marrow.
47
What is the role of the Bone Marrow?
To store fat and make blood cells.
48
What is the name of the hard, strong outer layer of a bone?
Compact Bone.
49
At what age are you described as having **'Peak Bones'**?
**27** years old.
50
What is **Osteopenia**?
A Loss of Bone Density.
51
What Fluid is contained in the Joint Cavity?
**Synovial** Fluid.
52
What does a **'Suture'** relate to?
The Joint joining the different plates in the Skull.
53
What does the Bone Term **'Foramen'** mean?
Hole.
54
What does the Bone Term **'Canal/ Meatus'** mean?
Elongated Hole.
55
What does the Bone Term **'Fossa'** mean?
Depression.
56
What does the Bone Term **'Tubercle/ Tuberosity'** mean?
Lump.
57
What does the Bone Term **'Process'** mean?
Projection.
58
What does the Bone Term **'Condyle'** mean?
Round ended; usually articular.
59
What does the Bone Term **'Crest'** mean?
Ridge.
60
How many **bones** are in an **Average Human Skeleton**?
206.
61
What 2 names can the Human Skeleton be classed into?
Axial and Appendicular.
62
Whats in the **Axial** part of the **Human Skeleton**?
Skull, Vertebral Column and Thoraic Cage.
63
Whats in the **Appendicular** part of the **Human Skeleton**?
Upper and Lower Limbs and the Girdles.
64
What do you name the Muscles off?
Their Location, Origin, Insertion, Number of Heads, size and Function.
65
What is the **name** of the **Muscle** on the **Sides of the Face**?
Temporals.
66
What is the **name** of the **Muscle** around the **upper jaw area** of the face?
Massseter.
67
What is the **name** of the **Muscle** on the **Front of the Face** above the eyes?
Frontals.
68
Name a **muscle** in the **Shoulder**.
* Trapezius.
* Deltoid.
69
Where are the **Intercostal Muscles** located?
Between/ around the Ribs.
70
What **muscles** are in the **Arms**?
* Triceps brachi.
* Biceps brachi.
* Brachialis.
71
What is the Name of the Bone at the **Front of the Skull**?
**Frontal** Bone.
72
What is the Name of the Bone at the **Top of the Skull**?
**Parietal** Bone.
73
What is the Name of the Bone at the **Lower Back of the Skull**?
**Occipital** Bone.
74
What is the Name of the Bone at the **Front Side of the Skull**?
**Sphenoid** Bone.
75
What is the Name of the Bone at the **Side of the Skull** by the eyes?
**Zygomatic** Bone.
76
What is the Name of the Bone at the **Front of the Skull** around the nose area?
**Maxilla** Bone.
77
What is the Name of the **Jaw Bone**?
Mandible.
78
What is the Name of the Bone at the **Back Side of the Skull**?
**Temporal** Bone.
79
What is the name of the **Suture** that **joins the Frontal and Parietal Bones**?
**Coronal** Suture.
80
What is the name of the **Suture** that **joins the Parietals**?
**Squamous** Suture.
81
How many bones are each of the Orbits in the skull made of?
7.
82
Whats the **Nasal Cavity** made up of?
* Divided by the Nasal Septum.
* Vomer.
* Ethmoid.
83
What are the names of the **Paranasal Sinuses**?
* Frontal.
* Maxillary.
* Ethmoidal.
* Sphenoidal.
84
What is the **Endocranial Base** made up of?
3 Fossae:
* Anterior.
* Middle.
* Posterior.
85
What are the **Muscles of Mastication**?
1. Temporalis.
2. Masseter.
3. Medial.
4. Lateral Pterygoid.
86
What are the different **sections** of the **Vertebral Column**?
* Cervical.
* Thoracic.
* Lumbar.
* Sacral.
* Coccygeal.
87
What are the names of the First and Second Vertebrae?
1. Atlas.
2. Axis.
88
How many **Bones** are in the **Cervical Vertebrae**?
7.
89
How many **Bones** are in the **Thoracic Vertebrae**?
12.
90
How many **Bones** are in the **Lumbar Vertebrae**?
5.
91
How many **Bones** are in the **Sacral Vertebrae**?
5.
92
How many **Bones** are in the **Coccygeal Vertebrae**?
4.
93
How can you **describe** the **Cervical Vertebrae**?
Bifurcated, Short and Delicate looking.
94
How can you **describe** the **Thoracic Vertebrae**?
Long, Delicate and Spinous.
95
How can you **describe** the **Lumbar Vertebrae**?
Short, Stubby, Spinous and Thick Bodied.
96
How can you **describe** the **Sacral Vertebrae**?
Fused together into a wedge-shaped Sacrum.
97
How many **Ribs** are in the **Thoracic Cage**?
24.
98
How many **bones** is the **Sternum** made up of?
3.
99
What is the name of the Collar Bone?
Clavicle.
100
What is the **Pectoral Girdle**?
## Footnote
What bones is it made up of?
It connects the Upper Limbs (Arms) to the Axial Skeleton.
## Footnote
Clavicle and Scapula.
101
What is the name of the **Upper Bone** in your **arm**?
Humerus.
102
What are the names of the **Lower Bones** in your **arm**?
Ulna and Radius.
103
How can you differentiate the Ulna and Radius?
The Ulna has a U-shape on one end (Ulna Notch).
104
What are the Names of the Different Parts of the Hand?
* **Phalanges** (fingers).
* **Metacarpals** (palm).
* **Carpals** (Wrist).
105
How many Carpal Bones make up the Wrist Joint?
8.
106
What is the **Mnemonic** for the **Muscles that make up the Rotator Cuff** (in the shoulder)?
SItS.
107
What does the Rotator Cuff Mnemonic (SItS) stand for?
**S** - Supraspinatus.
**I** - Infraspinatus.
**t** - teres Minor (minor muscle).
**S** - Subscapularis.
108
What are the **4 Muscles of Arm Movement**?
* Deltoid.
* Latissimus dorsi.
* Pectoralis major.
* Teres major.
109
What is **Pronation and Supination**?
The rotation of the forearm and hand, with **pronation** inward (palm **down**) and **supination** outward (palm **up**).
110
What is the Name of the Bone with No Name?
Innominate.
111
What are the names of the main bones in the **Pelvic Girdle**?
Innominate, Ilium, Ischium and Pubis.
112
What is the name of the **bone** in the **Upper Leg**?
Femur.
113
What are the names of the **bones** in the **Lower Leg**?
Tibia and Fibula.
114
How can you tell the difference between the Tibia and Fibula?
The **Tibia** is the **thicker** bone, Fibula is thinner.
115
What are the names of the 3 sections of the foot?
* **Phalanges** (toes).
* **Metatarsals** (lower foot).
* **Tarsals** (Wrist).
116
How many **Gluteal Muscles** are there?
3.
117
What are the names of the Gluteal Muscles?
* Gluteus Minimus.
* Gluteus Medius.
* Gluteus Maximus.
118
What are the names of the **Muscles** for **Leg Movement** (Anterior Compartment)?
* Quadriceps femoris.
* Rectus femoris.
* 3 Vastus Muscles.
119
What is the name of the **Muscle** for **Leg Movement** (Posterior Compartment)?
'Hamstrings'
120
What are the names of the **Muscles** for **Ankle and Toe Movements**?
* Triceps surae.
* Calcaneal.
* Achilles Tendon.
