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GI Physiology > 4.1. Dietary Nutrients and Absorption - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

4.1. Dietary Nutrients and Absorption - Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

A series of linked Hexose (6 Carbon) Sugars

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2
Q

What are Monosaccharides?

A

The Breakdown product of complicated Carbohydrates (Many Hexose Sugars linked together)

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3
Q

What are the names of the 3 Monosaccharides?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Galactose
  3. Fructose
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4
Q

Where are Monosaccharides absorbed into the Bloodstream?

A

The Small Intestine (Jejunum)

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5
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

2 Monosaccharides linked together

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6
Q

What kind of Bond links 2 Monosaccharides together in Disaccharides?

A

A Glycosidic Bone

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7
Q

What are the names of 3 Disaccharides?

A
  1. Lactose
  2. Sucrose
  3. Maltose
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8
Q

What is Lactose a combination of?

A
  1. Glucose

2. Galactose

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9
Q

What is Sucrose a combination of?

A
  1. Glucose

2. Fructose

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10
Q

What is Maltose a combination of?

A

2 x Glucose

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11
Q

What breaks Lactose down?

A

Lactase

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12
Q

What breaks Sucrose down?

A

Sucrase

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13
Q

What breaks Maltose down?

A

Maltase

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14
Q

Where can the Enzymes which break down Disaccharides be found?

A

On the Brush Border of the Small Intestines

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15
Q

What are the 3 Types of Polysaccharides?

A
  1. Starch
  2. Cellulose
  3. Gylcogen
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16
Q

What is Starch?

A

The Plant storage form of Glucose

17
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

A Constituent of Plant Cell Walls

18
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

The Animal storage form of Glucose

19
Q

What are the 2 ways the Glucose molecules can be linked in Starch?

A
  1. In straight chains

2. In branched chains

20
Q

What type of bond links the Glucose together in Straight Chains?

A

Alpha-Amylose (1-4 Glycosidic Bonds)

21
Q

What type of bond links the Glucose together in Branched Chains?

A

Amylopectin (1-6 Glycosidic Bonds)

22
Q

How are Alpha-Amylose (1-4 Glycosidic) bonds broken down?

A

They are hydrolysed by Alpha-Amylases?

23
Q

Where can Alpha-Amylases be found?

A
  1. In the Saliva

2. Released from the Pancreas

24
Q

How are Amylopectin (1-6 Glycosidic) bonds broken down?

A

They aren’t

25
Q

What happens to the Amylopectin (1-6 Glycosidic) bonds?

A

They are translocated by a different enzyme, to form Alpha-Amylose (1-4 Glycosidic) bonds

26
Q

How does the Enzyme which translocates part of the Starch Molecule work?

A
  1. It cleaves the Amylopectin (1-6 Glycosidic Bonds)
  2. It attaches the “Open End” of the detached molecule onto the “Free End” of the straight chain
    This forms more Alpha-Amylose (1-4 Glycosidic) bonds which can be broken down
27
Q

How are the Glucose Molecules in Cellulose linked?

A

In straight chains

28
Q

What type of bonds connect the Glucose Molecules in Cellulose?

A

Beta 1-4 Glycosidic Bonds

29
Q

Do Beta 1-4 Glycosidic Bonds have any enzymatic action?

A

No

30
Q

Can Beta 1-4 Glycosidic Bonds be absorbed?

A

No

31
Q

What can digest Cellulose?

A

The Bacteria Cellulase, found within the Gut Flora

32
Q

What type of bonds connect the Glucose Molecules in Glycogen?

A

Alpha-Amylose1-4 Glycosidic Bonds

33
Q

What are the 2 Monosaccharides humans can absorb?

A
  1. Glucose

2. Fructose

34
Q

How is Glucose Absorbed?

A
  1. Sodium Glucose Transporter Protein - 1 (SGLT-1) transports both Glucose and Sodium from the Lumen of the Alimentary Tract, into the Epithelium of the Jejunum
  2. Sodium is transported, via the NaKATPase Transporter Protein, into the Capillaries
  3. Glucose is transported, via the Glucose Transport Protein - 2 (GLUT-2) into the Capillaries
35
Q

How is Fructose Absorbed?

A
  1. Glucose Transporter Protein - 5 (GLUT-5) transports Fructose from the Lumen of the Alimentary Tract, into the Epithelium of the Jejunum
  2. Glucose Transport Protein - 2 (GLUT-2) transports Fructose from Epithelium of the Jejunum into the capillaries

GI Physiology (22 decks)

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