4: Values Flashcards

1
Q

Six main categories of land use

A

Energy, mining, recreation, forestry, residential, agriculture

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2
Q

Four types of value biodiversity can have

A
  1. Direct use
  2. Indirect use
  3. Option value
  4. Existence value
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3
Q

What is direct use value?

A

Consumption or direct non-consumptive use, goods and services
e.g. fish/meat, edible fruits/plants, medicinal plants, timber, amenity services

May be consumed by people for sustenance (consumptive use value)
May be harvested and sold to generate money (productive use value)

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4
Q

What is indirect use value?

A

Functional benefits, indirect regulating services
e.g. flood control, soil fertility, pollution control, drinking water, transportation, recreation, pollination

Regulating, functional, or non-consumptive uses
Ecosystem productivity and services, amenities

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5
Q

What is option value

A

Potential use of a system (future)
e.g. medicines, food sources, water/building supplies, genetic resources

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6
Q

What is existence value

A

Non-use value, knowledge of continued existence, right of existence of other species
e.g. protection of biological diversity, maintaining culture

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7
Q

Two types of non-use values? What are they

A

Bequest value
Existence value
Inherent value of nature

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8
Q

What is bequest value

A

Non-use value, biodiversity and all its values are saved for future generations, similar to option value
e.g. all services

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9
Q

What is biopiracy

A

Use of biodiversity without authorization

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10
Q

What is bioprospecting

A

Option value
the exploration of biodiversity for new biological resources of social and economic value

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11
Q

What is the tragedy of the commons

A

The tragedy of the commons refers to a situation in which individuals with access to a public resource (also called a common) act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource

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12
Q

Example of the tragedy of the commons

A

common livestock grazing land, one person brings three sheep, if the next person brings five then the first person begins to also bring five, etc

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13
Q

What are the three types of ecosystem services

A

Provisioning, regulating and cultural

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14
Q

Describe provisioning services

A

create opportunity for direct uses

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15
Q

Describe regulating services

A

Non-consumptive uses that regulate air, soil, water, climate; equivalent to indirect uses

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16
Q

Describe cultural services

A

Blends use values and non-use values

17
Q

Resource conservation vs preservationist

A

Resource conservation = wise-use, sustained yield

Preservationist = wild, pristine, human-free

18
Q

What is the spectrum of environmental ideologies

A

(Anthropocentric)
|
Unrestrained instrumentalism
|
Conservationism
|
Preservationism
|
Ethics and value driven ideologies
|
Transformative ideologies
|
(Ecocentric)

19
Q

What is ‘deep’ ecology

A

Earth is not just for us (nature has intrinsic value). Nature gives gifts and we repay it by protecting it. Each species has a right to exist.

20
Q

What is unrestrained instrumentalism

A

Nature exists only for human use

21
Q

What is conservationism

A

Maximizing the use of nature for the greatest number of people

22
Q

What is preservationism

A

Conserving resources for human use beyond utilitarian (fun, religion)

23
Q

What is ethics and value-driven ideologies

A

All organisms have rights, and in our actions we have a responsibility to preserve those rights

24
Q

What is transformative ideologies

A

Attempt to change anthropocentric norms and behaviours into ecocentric norms

25
Q

What is the Gaia Hypothesis

A

Earth in itself is one large organism, we are a microbiome living on its skin

26
Q

What is nature deficit disorder

A

People benefit from and need access to nature

27
Q

What are perverse subsidies

A

Subsidies that are not included in the full cost accounting of industries or economic activities; underestimates the cost in the cost-benefit analysis

28
Q

What is the environmental performance index

A

Measures loss of total economic value of biodiversity

29
Q

What are externalities

A

Issues created indirectly by pollution (health issues, decreased agriculture yield, damage to buildings)

30
Q

What are the five normative postulates for conservation biology

A
  1. Biological diversity is good
  2. Unnatural extinction is bad
  3. Ecological complexity is good
  4. Continued evolution is good
  5. Biological diversity has intrinsic value