4: Values Flashcards
Six main categories of land use
Energy, mining, recreation, forestry, residential, agriculture
Four types of value biodiversity can have
- Direct use
- Indirect use
- Option value
- Existence value
What is direct use value?
Consumption or direct non-consumptive use, goods and services
e.g. fish/meat, edible fruits/plants, medicinal plants, timber, amenity services
May be consumed by people for sustenance (consumptive use value)
May be harvested and sold to generate money (productive use value)
What is indirect use value?
Functional benefits, indirect regulating services
e.g. flood control, soil fertility, pollution control, drinking water, transportation, recreation, pollination
Regulating, functional, or non-consumptive uses
Ecosystem productivity and services, amenities
What is option value
Potential use of a system (future)
e.g. medicines, food sources, water/building supplies, genetic resources
What is existence value
Non-use value, knowledge of continued existence, right of existence of other species
e.g. protection of biological diversity, maintaining culture
Two types of non-use values? What are they
Bequest value
Existence value
Inherent value of nature
What is bequest value
Non-use value, biodiversity and all its values are saved for future generations, similar to option value
e.g. all services
What is biopiracy
Use of biodiversity without authorization
What is bioprospecting
Option value
the exploration of biodiversity for new biological resources of social and economic value
What is the tragedy of the commons
The tragedy of the commons refers to a situation in which individuals with access to a public resource (also called a common) act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource
Example of the tragedy of the commons
common livestock grazing land, one person brings three sheep, if the next person brings five then the first person begins to also bring five, etc
What are the three types of ecosystem services
Provisioning, regulating and cultural
Describe provisioning services
create opportunity for direct uses
Describe regulating services
Non-consumptive uses that regulate air, soil, water, climate; equivalent to indirect uses
Describe cultural services
Blends use values and non-use values
Resource conservation vs preservationist
Resource conservation = wise-use, sustained yield
Preservationist = wild, pristine, human-free
What is the spectrum of environmental ideologies
(Anthropocentric)
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Unrestrained instrumentalism
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Conservationism
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Preservationism
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Ethics and value driven ideologies
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Transformative ideologies
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(Ecocentric)
What is ‘deep’ ecology
Earth is not just for us (nature has intrinsic value). Nature gives gifts and we repay it by protecting it. Each species has a right to exist.
What is unrestrained instrumentalism
Nature exists only for human use
What is conservationism
Maximizing the use of nature for the greatest number of people
What is preservationism
Conserving resources for human use beyond utilitarian (fun, religion)
What is ethics and value-driven ideologies
All organisms have rights, and in our actions we have a responsibility to preserve those rights
What is transformative ideologies
Attempt to change anthropocentric norms and behaviours into ecocentric norms
What is the Gaia Hypothesis
Earth in itself is one large organism, we are a microbiome living on its skin
What is nature deficit disorder
People benefit from and need access to nature
What are perverse subsidies
Subsidies that are not included in the full cost accounting of industries or economic activities; underestimates the cost in the cost-benefit analysis
What is the environmental performance index
Measures loss of total economic value of biodiversity
What are externalities
Issues created indirectly by pollution (health issues, decreased agriculture yield, damage to buildings)
What are the five normative postulates for conservation biology
- Biological diversity is good
- Unnatural extinction is bad
- Ecological complexity is good
- Continued evolution is good
- Biological diversity has intrinsic value
