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BIOL 367 > 14: Conserved and restored areas > Flashcards

14: Conserved and restored areas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Degradation of ecosystems continuum

A

different levels of degradation from completely artificial to natural
Conservation must occur across many levels

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2
Q

What value do unprotected areas have in terms of conservation?

A

Reconciliation ecology, restoration ecology, urban conservation

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3
Q

Types of non-protected conserved areas

A
  • military land
  • unprotected public forests, grasslands, public waterways, undesirable areas
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4
Q

Land sharing vs land sparing

A

Land sparing: industrial/intensive agriculture supported by reserves (some natural habitat, some farmland)

Land sharing: less intensive agriculture that supports biodiversity (wildlife friendly farmland)

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5
Q

Pros and cons of land sparing? Land sharing?

A

Sparing = cost effective (more $/ha), large unused habitat, but fragmentation

Sharing = connection, less fragmentation but disease and conflict

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6
Q

What is countryside biogeography

A

Proposed alternative to island biogeography
Isolated fragments in agricultural matrixes can retain a high number of species
Can be applied to similar landscapes (e.g. urban areas)

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7
Q

What are the shape of decay functions

A

Function of biodiversity against human activity intensity
Type 1,2,3
Slide 13

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8
Q

Example of an indigenous protected and conserved area

A

Tweedsmuir provincial park
Co-management of Bear populations by Nuxalk Nation
Hunting ban, bear viewing managed cooperatively

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9
Q

What is ‘30 by 30’

A

Goal is to reach 30% of land and ocean protection by 2030

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10
Q

What does ecosystem management emphasize? It manages…

A

Emphasizes ecological functions, services, large spatial/temporal scales
Manages traditional commodities, biodiversity, works across jurisdictional boundaries

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11
Q

What is natural disturbance? What does it mean to be natural?

A

Disturbance = no single reference state
Natural/historical range of variation

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12
Q

What is ecological integrity

A

Retain ecological composition, structure and function

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13
Q

What is the Natural Disturbance Model

A

Emulate natural disturbance via landscape-level management
Patch size, disturbance frequency

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14
Q

Why is Ecosystem-level conservation used? (3)

A

Too many species to manage them all individually
Habitat is main threat for most species
Ecosystems are components of biodiv that merit conservation in their own right

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15
Q

Conservation is motivated by…

A

a desire to protect biotic systems from anthropogenic threats

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16
Q

Natural means…

A

the condition of a species or ecosystem as it would be today in the absence of anthropogenic disturbances (ecological reference state)

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17
Q

What is Ecological Integrity

A

Summary measure that describes the condition of an ecosystem relative to the ecological reference state
Not very meaningful (ecosystems far too complex)

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18
Q

An ecosystem has ecological integrity when (3):

A
  • it has the living and non-living pieces expected in its natural region
  • its processes occur with the freq and intensity expected in its natural region
  • displays resilience to perturbation
19
Q

What is the composition, structure and function of an ecological reference state?

A

Composition: variety and abundance of species in a system
Structure: spatial arrangement of ecosystem components at multiple scales
Function: ecological processes characteristic of the natural ecosystem

20
Q

What is the natural range of variation of an ecosystem?

A

Since ecosystems are dynamic, we characterize them using the mean and variance of individual ecosystem components, processes and states over time
Slide 30 graph

21
Q

What is the ecological reference state? vs management target?

A

baseline for conservation. What we would like to achieve from a biocentric perspective
What we actually manage for after considering competing management objectives

22
Q

Ecosystem management of forestry is easier to achieve with…

A

few users of a similar type (e.g. foothills: mostly industry)

23
Q

What are indicators of sustainable forestry management (SFM)

A
  • biological diversity
  • stability/resilience of forestry systems
  • soil and water quality and quantity
  • carbon cycle
24
Q

Disturbance is a natural feature of forest ecosystems, so if human disturbances can …

A

be made to emulate natural disturbances, ecological integrity should be maintained

25
Q

Ecological reference state parameters for forests

A

Stand composition (age), stand structure (height), landscape patterns (patch metrics), ecological processes

26
Q

What is the CBFA? What are the goals

A

Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement: 21 forest companies and nine ENGOs
Goal to recover SAR, have world-leading forest practices standards, climate change, have a network of PA’s

27
Q

What is reconciliation ecology

A

Emphasizes Urban Ecology, accept human domination of most landscapes. Look for new ways to increase biodiversity in them.
Want to generate benefits for people and other spp
Manage urban-exploiting, hyper-abundant spp

28
Q

What are hyper-abundant (urban-adapting) wildlife

A

An urban challenge
Often impact SAR
Exploit anthropogenic habitat change
May not be invasive or alien
Often attract well-meaning animal or wildlife protection

29
Q

Conventional vs aggregated forestry harvest

A

Conventional is random without accounting for biology
Aggregated: there is connection between habitat which is almost continuous

30
Q

What is the Yellowstone to Yukon conservation initiative

A

Functional connectivity for grizzly bears between Yellowstone and Yukon

31
Q

What is restoration ecology

A

Goal is to return ecological function to degraded areas
Cannot recover full ecological functions

32
Q

Restoration ecology often promotes…

A

Some archetypical component
- particular species
- particular communities
- particular ecological function

33
Q

Restored ecosystems deliver fewer…

A

benefits with more costs
Graph on slide 78**

34
Q

Four options for going about restoration

A
  1. No action (passive restoration)
  2. Rehabilitation (e.g. remove invasive)
  3. Partial restoration
  4. Complete restoration

graph slide 79**

35
Q

What is resilience

A

Ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and function
Capacity to adapt to stress and change

36
Q

Economic effects of urchin in kelp forests

A

Urchin destroy kelp forests which costed $562 billion

37
Q

What are alternative stable states?

A

Catastrophic shifts between states can occur in nature and are often difficult to reverse
Drawing on slide 87

38
Q

What is ‘hysteria’ when ecosystems change

A

Vegetation declines slowly, then very suddenly

39
Q

What are conservation thresholds

A

Points or zones of catastrophic change
Ecological tipping points

40
Q

What is a bioindicator test

A

Stress a bioindicator to find out where the conservation threshold is

41
Q

Example of a biodiversity threshold

A

Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota

Persistent stressors that reach the threshold lead to change from healthy stable state to degraded stable state
Slide 92

42
Q

Name the five characteristics that make ecosystems more resilient

A
  1. Latitude
  2. Resistance
  3. Precariousness
  4. Panarchy
  5. Adaptive capcity
43
Q

Describe the five characteristics that make ecosystems more resilient

A
  1. Latitude: max amnt a system can change before losing ability to recover (crossing threshold)
  2. Resistance: ease or difficulty changing the system
  3. Precariousness: how close current state is to threshold
  4. Panarchy: degree to which one hierarchical level of an ecosystem is influenced by others
  5. Adaptive capacity: change in stability landscapes and resilience

BIOL 367 (17 decks)

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