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Allie GI/Renal > 4 - Pancreatic Secretions PPT > Flashcards

4 - Pancreatic Secretions PPT Flashcards

Secret Pancreatic Ions!

1
Q

Where on earth is the pancreas located?

A

Epigastric region behind the stomach

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2
Q

(TRUE/FALSE): The pancreas only produces endocrine hormones.

A

(FALSE): The pancreas produces both endocrine and exocrine hormones.

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3
Q

The pancreas has ________ and ________ cells that produce endocrine hormones like ________ and ________ that are secreted into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels.

A
  1. alpha, beta
  2. insulin, glucagon
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4
Q

What type of hormone is secreted the most from the pancreas (around 90%)?

A

Exocrine hormones

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5
Q

What are the goals of exocrine secretions from the pancreas?

A

To help neutralize acid and digest food within the intestines

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6
Q

What are the divisions of the pancreas called?

A

Lobules

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7
Q

What are pancreatic units called?

A

Acinus/acini

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8
Q

What do the ductal cells secrete to help neutralize the acidic stomach contents as they enter the intestines?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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9
Q

Reminder- what should we always think when we see the word “bicarbonate”?

A
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10
Q

Intercalated ducts merge together, forming an ________ duct which joins together with other ________ ducts to finally drain into the main ________ duct.

A
  1. intralobular
  2. intralobular
  3. pancreatic
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11
Q

What travels through the length of the pancreas and drains into the duodenum?

A

The main pancreatic duct

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12
Q

What are some enzymes produced by acinar cells?

A
  1. Pancreatic amylase
  2. Trypsin/Chymotrypsin
  3. Lipases
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13
Q

What’s the function of pancreatic amylase?

A

It breaks down carbs

Idea: “Pancreatic amylase c̲r̲u̲s̲h̲e̲s̲ carbs”

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14
Q

What’s the function of trypsin/chymotrypsin?

A

They break down proteins

Idea: “Trypsins pu̲l̲v̲e̲r̲i̲z̲e̲ proteins”

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15
Q

What’s the function of the lipases?

A

They break down lipids

Idea: Triple L- “Lipases Liquify Lipids”

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16
Q

An inactive enzyme will have the ending…

A

… -ogen!

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17
Q

What inactive enzymes can be synthesized from acinar cells?

A

Proenzymes and zymogens

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18
Q

Why are these enzymes kept in an inactive state?

A

To prevent self-destruction (essentially preventing them from eating you alive)

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19
Q

What failsafe did our Creator implement to prevent enzymes from doing damage should they become prematurely active?

A

The enzymes are to be stored in vesicles alongside a protease inhibitor to shut the enzyme down. So cool.

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20
Q

What is trypsinogen?

A

A zymogen (inactive enzyme) that is released into the pancreatic duct to make its way to the small intestine- it is activated by protease enteropeptidase.

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21
Q

Ductal cell secretions are filled with various ions, including…

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)
  2. Potassium (K+)
  3. Chloride (Cl-)
  4. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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22
Q

During 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞, which is when food contents are present in the intestines, what are the respective concentrations of HCO3- and Cl-?

A

𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 HCO3- & 𝐥𝐨𝐰 Cl-

23
Q

During 𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞, which is when food contents are NOT present in the intestines, what are the respective concentrations of HCO3- and Cl-?

A

𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 Cl- & 𝐥𝐨𝐰 HCO3-

24
Q

What’re the three phases of pancreatic secretions?

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
25
Q

What happens during the Cephalic phase?

A
  • Sensory inputs (sight/smell) stimulate the brain
  • Brain sends efferent signals via Vagus (CN X) to pancreas
  • Vagus releases acetylcholine that causes acinar cells to secrete enzymatic fluid
26
Q

What happens during the Gastric phase?

A
  • Distention of stomach is sensed by mechanoreceptors
  • The afferent info travels via Vagus (CN X) to the brain
  • Brain sends efferent signals back to the pancreas to cause acinar cells to produce slightly more fluid
27
Q

What happens during the Intestinal phase?

A

Chyme gets sent out; this phase is responsible for over 80% of pancreatic secretions

28
Q

What is chyme?

A

Partially digested food and stomach acid.

  • Check out this absolutely cursed picture I found
29
Q

Where does chyme go during the intestinal phase?

A

The duodenum

30
Q

What happens to the proteins and lipids within the chyme?

A

They are broken down into their monomers (make sens rye) by pancreatic enzymes that were produced in the earlier phases

31
Q

The presence of fatty acids and amino acids (monomers) stimulates what cells in the lining of the duodenum and jejunum?

A

𝐼 Cells

32
Q

Once stimulated, these 𝐼 Cells secrete ___________ to act on acinar cells to begin the secretion of digestive enzymes.

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

33
Q

What else is CCK responsible for?

A

Gallbladder contraction

34
Q

(TRUE/FALSE): Chemoreceptors send afferent information via Vagus (CN X) to increase secretions during the intestinal phase.

A

(TRUE): This does in fact happen- Chemoreceptors DO send afferent information via Vagus (CN X) to increase secretions during the intestinal phase!

35
Q

What other hormone is secreted during the intestinal phase? Is it:
A - Secretin
B - Ghrelin
C - Testosterone
D - Gooba-gabba

A

A - Secretin

Good job 👍

36
Q

What signals to the S cells within the duodenum to release secretin?

A

The acidity detected

37
Q

Why do the S cells want to release secretin when high acidity is detected?

A

Because then the aqueous portion of the pancreatic fluid massively increases, and it just so happens that this aqueous portion contains a crap-ton of bicarbonate (HCO3-) to neutralize that acidic chyme!

38
Q

When the chyme finally leaves the duodenum and enters the ileum and colon, what peptide inhibits the pancreatic secretions?

A

Peptide YY from neuroendocrine cells

39
Q

What, oh what is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder?

A

𝓑𝓲𝓵𝓮 <3

40
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

Digestion, absorption of lipids, excretion of various molecules, emulsification

41
Q

Lipids are hydrophobic, so what does bile need to do?

A

Bile MUST emulsify and solubilize the fats.

42
Q

What is bile made up of?

A
  • Bile salts
  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
  • Bilirubin (a bile pigment)
43
Q

What are the steps to create bilirubin?

A
  1. Hemoglobin from RBC is taken up by macrophages
  2. Macrophages convert heme into biliverdin
  3. Biliverdin converts to bilirubin via biliverdin reductase
44
Q

What is bilirubin’s classification once it completes these first three steps?

A

Unconjugated/indirect

45
Q

What binds to unconjugated/indirect bilirubin within the blood?

A

Albumin

46
Q

What happens after albumin binds to the unconjugated/indirect bilirubin?

A

Unconjugated/indirect bilirubin is taken up into hepatocytes, where it turns into conjugated/direct bilirubin!

47
Q

Bilirubin’s conjugation makes it more soluble, which means it can be secreted into…

A

… BILE!

48
Q

In the intestines, bacteria hydrolyze the conjugated/direct bilirubin, reducing it to a colorless compound called what?

A

Urobilinogen

49
Q

What form of bilirubin gives doodoo its signature brown color?

A

Stercobilin

50
Q

What form of bilirubin gives urine its signature yellah color?

A

Urobilin

51
Q

How much of bile acids are recycled and how much of them are lost in feces?

A
  • 95% recycled
  • 5% lost
52
Q

What are carbs referred to as?

A

Saccharides

53
Q

List our three monosaccharides we can find in our foods.

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose

Allie GI/Renal (18 decks)

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