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Allie GI/Renal > 14 - pH and Buffers PPT (QUIZ 4) > Flashcards

14 - pH and Buffers PPT (QUIZ 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What pH does the body work best at?

A

7.4 pH

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2
Q

When the pH drops below 7.4, what is this called?

A

Acidemia

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3
Q

When the pH rises above 7.4, what is this called?

A

Alkalemia

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4
Q

What are buffers?

A

A weak acid with its conjugate base form OR a weak base with its conjugate acid from

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5
Q

What’s one of the most important buffers in the body?

A

H2CO3 (weak acid) and HCO3- (BICARB)

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6
Q

What are H2CO3 and bicarb apart of?

A

The blood buffer system

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7
Q

As a weak acid, H2CO3 (carbonic acid) easily dissociates into ____________ ions and ____________ ions.

A
  1. hydrogen
  2. bicarbonate
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8
Q

When there’s few hydrogen ions around, carbonic acid becomes…

A

… hydrogen and bicarb

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9
Q

When there’s lots of H+ ions around, ____________ will bind to one and form ______________ acid, which then splits into ______ and ______, which we then breathe out through the lungs.

A
  1. bicarbonate
  2. carbonic
  3. H2O
  4. CO2
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10
Q

What are the other two buffer systems?

A
  1. Phosphate buffer
  2. Protein buffer (such as albumin)
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11
Q

What are the two ways our kidneys maintain acid-base balance?

A
  1. They reabsorb bicarb from the urine back into the blood (gross)
  2. They secrete H+ ions into the urine
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12
Q

What is the first step the kidney takes to begin acid-base balancing?

A

It reabsorbs bicarbonate

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13
Q

What snatches up bicarb and sodium on the basolateral surface (aka tubular lumen)?

A

A sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter

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14
Q

What exchanges bicarb for chloride when leaving the bloodstream to enter cells? (You’ll never guess)

A

The bicarb/chloride exchanger lol

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15
Q

What is one mechanism that gets H+ ions into the urine since they can’t do it themselves?

A

The sodium/hydrogen countertransport in the PCT

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16
Q

How does the sodium/hydrogen countertransport work?

A

A carrier protein in the apical wall binds a H+ ion from the cell and a Na+ ion in the tubular fluid

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17
Q

Why can’t the urine hold on to more free H+ ions?

A

Because Owen, the pH would drop way too low, and it would BURN UP THE TUBULES because they can’t maintain a urine pH of less than 4.5!!!

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18
Q

What’s the safeguard for preventing such a catastrophic event of melting the tubules?

A

There’s chemical buffers in urine that bind H+ ions and keep the pH from going too low!

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19
Q

What’s THE MOST IMPORTANTE system in the body?

A

The ammonia buffer system

20
Q

What’s the process called that the kidneys use in ammonia buffer?

A

Ammoniagenesis

21
Q

Ammonia is ________ soluable.

A

lipid

22
Q

(TRUE/FALSE): Ammonium chloride is highly acidic.

A

(FALSE): It is weakly acidic and won’t really alter the urine pH.

23
Q

What helps the kidneys purge a large amount of H+ ions?

A

Binding the H+ ions to ammonia to make ammonium (NH4+), because NH4+ gets kicked out quick through the urine

24
Q

How does the second buffer system utilize phosphate?

A

It combines phosphate with secreted H+ ions to form dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4), which gets SHOT OUT in URINE!

25
Q

Define anion gap.

A

It’s measuring the balance between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions within plasma.

26
Q

What’s the normal range for the anion gap in mEq/L

A

Between 3-11, so less than three is abnormally low and more than 11 is abnormally high

27
Q

List the cations!

A
  1. Na+
  2. K+
  3. Ca2+
  4. Mg2+
  5. Positively charged proteins
28
Q

List the anions!

A
  1. Cl-
  2. HCO3-
  3. Phosphate (PO4)
  4. Sulfate (SO4)
  5. Negatively charged proteins (albumin)
29
Q

SpongeBob me boyo, what’s the anion gap formuler? Arg arg arg arg arg

A

Anion gap = (Na+)–([Cl-]+HCO3-)
Remember that normal is between 3-11

30
Q

What is acidosis?

A

A process that lowers blood pH below 7.4

31
Q

What makes an acidosis metabolic in nature?

A

When the process is caused by a decrease in bicarb ions

32
Q

Psst- wanna know a secret?

A

Acidosis deals with buildups of things, so if you see the name of a molecule followed by “acidosis”, chances are that molecule has gotten built up!

33
Q

What’s lactic acidosis?

A

Lactic acid gets accumulated during heart failure, giving off protons

34
Q

What’s diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

A buildup of ketoacids, each giving off a proton

35
Q

What happens if I decided to chug antifreeze like a g?

A

I’d get an oxalic acid buildup!

36
Q

If I ate paste and drank paint (which I would totally survive), what buildup would occur this time?

A

A buildup of hippuric acid from a molecule called toluene!

37
Q

During chronic renal failure, what two organic acids build up?

A

Uric acid and sulfur

38
Q

Which kind of acidosis sees the anion gap remain normal?

A

Diarrhea

39
Q

The anion gap remains normal in diarrhea and _________.

A

renal tubular acidosis

40
Q

Why is a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis sometimes called a hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis?

A

Because less bicarbonate means more chloride, which keeps the equation equal

41
Q

What may cause an elevation in the anion gap?

A

High pH because albumin will release H+ protons as a response

42
Q

What else can cause the anion gap to increase?

A

Bicarb and Cl- decreasing

43
Q

What are some causes of lower than normal anion gap?

A
  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hypermagnesemia
44
Q

I’m fighting tooth and nail to type these out! What is the name of the equation we use to plot the bicarb and CO2 concentrations?

A

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

45
Q

What is a pH between 7.0-7.39 called?

A

Acidosis

46
Q

What is a pH between 7.41 and 8.0 called?

A

Alkalosis

Allie GI/Renal (18 decks)

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