4. Liver Disease and Cirrhosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of macrovesicular steatosis?

A
Alcohol
Metabolic syndrome
Starvation
Bariatric surgery
Amiodarone
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2
Q

What does microvesicular steatosis show?

A

Metabolic upset in liver mitrochondria

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3
Q

What are the causes of microvesicular steatosis?

A

Pregnancy
Tetracycline toxicity
Acute liver failure

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4
Q

How is a diagnosis of steatosis made?

A

Ultrasound
Transaminases
Liver would be pale at autopsy

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5
Q

What is steatohepatitis?

A

Pattern of inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis in lobules near branch of hepatic vein

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6
Q

What is the primary inflammatory cell in steatohepatitis?

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

What may be seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in alcoholic fatty liver?

A

Mallory’s hyaline

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8
Q

What ways does alcohol damage the liver?

A

MEOS pathway generates free radicals
Fat synthesis is stimulated and fat oxidation inhibited
Acetaldehyde is toxic

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9
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of alcoholic hepatitis?

A

Malaise, jaundice, low fever, hepatomegaly, high WCC
Features of decompensated liver disease
AST/ALT >2

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10
Q

What is haemochromatosis?

A

Excess iron deposits in tissue
Hereditary: defect in HFE gene > hepcidin deficiency
Secondary: iron overload eg. transfusions

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11
Q

What effect does haemochromatosis have on:

  1. Liver
  2. Pancreas
  3. Myocardium
  4. Pituitary
A
  1. Fibrosis and cirrhosis
  2. Secondary diabetes
    ‘bronze diabetes’ as iron also deposited in skin
  3. Dilated cardiomyopathy
  4. Hypogonadism and impotence
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12
Q

What causes arthropathy in haemochromatosis?

A

Calcium pyrophosphate deposition

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13
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Small intestine

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14
Q

What molecule transports iron?

A

Transferrin

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15
Q

Where is iron stored?

A

Ferritin and haemosiderin

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16
Q

What is hepcidin?

A

Hormone secreted by the liver

Inhibits ferroportin to block iron entry into circulation

17
Q

What causes anaemia of chronic disease?

A

Prolonged inflammatory stimulation of hepcidin

18
Q

How is haemochromatosis diagnosed?

A

> 55% transferrin saturation
Ferritin
Genetic testing
Perls’ stain on biopsy

19
Q

How is haemochromatosis treated?

A

Venepuncture

20
Q

What are the autoimmune causes of liver disease?

A

Autoimmune hepatitis
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis

21
Q

What patient profile is most commonly associated with autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Females, 40-60

Other autoimmune diseases

22
Q

What biomarkers are present in type 1 and type 2 autoimmune hepatitis?

A
  1. ANA/SMA

2. anti-LKM

23
Q

What is primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Destruction of intra-hepatic bile ducts, causing chronic cholestasis and liver damage
May have granulomas

24
Q

What are the signs of primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Very high alk phos
High IgM
Bilirubin rises late
AMA

25
Q

What is the treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Ursodeoxycholic acid

26
Q

What is primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

Fibro-obliterative destruction of bile ducts, both intra and extra hepatic

27
Q

What is the patient profile associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

Male

IBD or ulcerative collitis

28
Q

What biomarker is present in primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

pANCA

29
Q

What symptoms of cirrhosis are derived from the liver’s inability to inactive oestrogen?

A

Spider naevi
Palmar erythema
Gynaecomastia
Testicular atrophy

30
Q

What is used to understand the prognosis of cirrhosis?

A

Decompensation
Child-Pugh score
MELD score for transplant