4 Lining, Muscle and connective tissue

Question 1

Name the four types of tissue.

Answer 1

• epithelial
• connective
• muscle
• nervous

Question 2

What is histology?

Answer 2

the anatomy at cellular level

Question 3

Name four features of epithelial tissue:

Answer 3

• found in every organ
• line every organ of the body
• lines cavities and tubes
• can from gland

Question 4

Characteristics of epithelial cells:

Answer 4

• good at regeneration
• polarity (apical and basal membranes)
• avascular
• attached to a basement membrane

Question 5

Basic structure of epithelial tissue:

Answer 5

closely packed and all attached to a basement membrane like a lego board

Question 6

How do we classify epithelial tissue?

Answer 6

number of layers

shape of cells

Question 7

What do we call epithelial tissue with several layers of cells vs 1 layer?

Answer 7

several layers = stratified

1 layer = simple

Question 8

What are the shapes of epithelial cells?

Answer 8

• cuboidal
• columnar
• squamous

Question 9

Describe the structure of a squamous epithelial cell.

Answer 9

long thin and flat (squashed) with nucleus stretched in same direction as cell

Question 10

Describe the structure of a columnar epithelial cell

Answer 10

-rectangular shape - basally located nucleus

Question 11

Describe the feature of a cuboidal epithelial cell

Answer 11

elongated nucleus in the middle and square

Question 12

How do we name the tissue (shapely) if its stratified epithelial?

Answer 12

By the most superficial layer

Question 13

Name 3 types of squamous epithelial tissue and where they are found

Answer 13

• Simple
• Keratinised stratified
• Non keratinised stratified

Question 14

Where are simple squamous epithelial tissues found?

Answer 14

alveoli and blood vessels - for gas an nutrient exchange

Question 15

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelial tissues are found in…

Answer 15

…gums and skin because the keratin provides some protection and waterproofing

Question 16

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelial tissue is found…

Answer 16

…oral cavity (cheek) and oesophagus - mainly for protection and a barrier

Question 17

Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium and what is it for?

Answer 17

Found in the kidney tubes and gland and is used for secretion and absorbtion

Question 18

Where would you find simple columnar epithelium and what is it for?

Answer 18

Digestive tract coz they contain microvilli and are used for absorption and secretion

Question 19

Where would you find simple pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells and what is it for?

Answer 19

trachea - acts as a mucociliary escalator

-appear stratified as some cells don’t reach the free surface though all are attached to basement membrane

Question 20

Which type of tissue lines the oesophagus (specific)?

Answer 20

pseudo stratified columnar epithelial tissue with goblet cells

Question 21

What is an intercellular junction?

Answer 21

Specialised areas of a cell membrane that bind a cell together

Question 22

4 examples of intercellular junctions

Answer 22

• tight
• demosome
• hemidemosome
• gap junctions

Question 23

explain a tight junction

where?

Answer 23

found near the apical membrane, bind cells together tightly though interlocking proteins which don’t allow anything imbetween the cells
digestive tract

Question 24

explain a demosome

Answer 24

loos like a wire cage holding cells together - found near the basement membrane and tightly holds cell together stopping them from splaying (lego board analogy) - resists twisting and streching
contain dense plates

Question 25

explain a hemidemosome

Answer 25

found on the basement membrane - securely attaches the cell onto the underlying tissue

Question 26

explain a gap junction | where?

Answer 26

interlocking membrane proteins (connexions) hold two cells together but have a central pore that small molecules can pass through cardiac muscle

Question 27

Connective tissue is made up of

Answer 27

few cells in an abundance of extracellular matrix

Question 28

What makes up the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

Answer 28

-ground substances -extracellular (tissue) fluid -fibres collagen, reticular and elastic

Question 29

What types of connective tissue are there?

Answer 29

``` Specialised: -Blood , lymph, bone, collagen Proper: -Loose (alveolar) -Dense regular -Dense irregular ```

Question 30

What is in loose alveolar CT and where is it found?

Answer 30

-ground substances +++ -a few fibres -adipocytes -macrophages (transient) -fibroblasts found under epithelium lining and covering organs

Question 31

What is in dense connective tissue?

Answer 31

-few ground substances lots of fibres (mainly collagen) fibroblasts

Question 32

What are the differences between the two dens CT's?

Answer 32

-regular - the collagen bundles are parallel -tendons and ligaments Irregular - haphazardly arranged collagen bundles - resists excessive stretching and distension - dermis

Question 33

What cells are present in connective tissue?

Answer 33

- mast cells - adipocytes - macrophages - FIBROBLASTS

Question 34

What are the different types of muscle?

Answer 34

- smooth - skeletal - cardiac

Question 35

Skeletal muscle functions:

Answer 35

- skeletal movement and support - forming sphyncters - involved in respiration

Question 36

Skeletal muscle structure:

Answer 36

- long thin cylindrical cells - striated - multinucleated - somatic nervous system

Question 37

Cardiac muscle structure:

Answer 37

- long branched muscle cells - intercalated discs - 1/2 centrally located nuclei - striated - autonomic

Question 38

Smooth muscle function:

Answer 38

- found in organ walls and airways and vessels - constriction of airways and vessels - digestion

Question 39

Smooth muscle structure:

Answer 39

- short fusiform cells - single central nucleus - non striated - autonomic

Question 40

Functions of connective tissue:

Answer 40

- protection of organs - protection of body from microbes - provides a structural framework for the body - transport of dissolved substance - connects different tissue types - stores energy reserves

Question 41

All muscle cells have: (3)

Answer 41

- -cell elongation parallel to direction of contraction - -contractile elements - -many mitochondria