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Body Systems > 22 When airways go wrong > Flashcards

22 When airways go wrong Flashcards

1
Q

Types of respiratory diseases:

A
  • Obstructive
  • restrictive
  • Infection and inflammation
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2
Q

What happens in obstructive diseases?

A
  • Airway resistance is increased
    • due to narrowing of the airways
  • outflow pressure is reduced
    • due to loss of elastic recoil?
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3
Q

What is airway resistance

A

the ease with which air can flow into and out of the lungs

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4
Q

What is outflow pressure?

A

The rate at which we can exhale

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5
Q

What effects do restrictive diseases have?

A

Reduced compliance

  • loss of elasticity
  • reduced vital capacity
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6
Q

What is compliance

A

The extent to which our lungs increase in volume in response to a given pressure change

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7
Q

How do we measure airway resistance?

A

Using FEV1 (the forced expiratory volume in the 1st second) - taken as a percentage of the total vital capacity

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8
Q

What is a normal FEV1

A

80% of vital capacity

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9
Q

What do we use FEV1 for?

A
  • measuring airway resistance
  • diagnosing airway resistance
  • monitoring it
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10
Q

Name the obstructive pulmonary diseases:

A
  • Bronchitis (acute and chronic)
  • emphysaema
  • asthma
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11
Q

what happens in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:

A
  • covers emphysaema and chronic bronchitis
  • narrowing of the airways –> increased airway resistance
  • mucus build up
  • loss of elastic recoil –> reduced outflow pressure and gas exchange
  • over inflation of the chest coz of increased residual volume
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12
Q

What kind of respiratory tract diseases can you get?

A

upper and lower

  • upper is more common and easier to treat
  • lower is more severe so more intense treatment
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13
Q

How many people die annually from COPD?

A

3 million

-3rd leading cause of death in the world

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14
Q

Acute Bronchitis:

A
  • your standard phlegmy cough
  • caused by bacteria or virus
  • lasts for days or weeks
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15
Q

Chronic bronchitis: what happens

A
  • irritants cause inflammation of the bronchi
  • bronchi narrow
  • over production of mucus
  • airways become plugged
  • airways become more prone to infection causing inflammation
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16
Q

Chronic bronchitis: causes

A

80% smoking, sometimes environmental irritants

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17
Q

Chronic bronchitis: treatments

A
  • stop smoking
  • bronchodilators (can be preventative) open up airways to aid airflow
  • antibiotics to treat underlying infection
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18
Q

Chronic bronchitis: symptoms

A
  • shortness of breath
  • airway obstruction
  • wheezing due to turbulent airflow
  • chest pain - over exertion of muscles in breathing (not quiet breathing anymore, accessory muscles used)
  • productive cough - can look for bacteria present in mucus of cough
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19
Q

Chronic bronchitis: lasts for

A

3 consecutive months in 2 years

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20
Q

Emphysaema: causes

A

smoking or an alpha1 trypsin deficiency (2% of COPD patients)
20% of smokers will develop emphyseama

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21
Q

Emphysaema: treatments

A
  • stop smoking
  • alpha1 antitrypsin supplements
  • O2 supplement
  • lung transplant
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22
Q

Emphysaema: what happens

A

-irritants in smoke cause neutrophils and macrophages to release elastase
-elastase breaks down alveolar walls reducing surface area
-significantly high compliance
-increased residual volume and FRC because damaged alveoli retain air
-chronically over inflated lung
-reduced vital capacity
-inefficient gas exchange
-Hyperventilation because of excess CO2 in lungs (to get rid)
(-alpha1 antitrypsin inhibits elastase action)

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23
Q

Emphysaema: symptoms

A
  • hyperventilation
  • inflated chest
  • shortness of breath
  • muscle wastage due to inefficient gas exchange and hyperventilation
24
Q

what does high compliance indicate?

A

loss of elastic recoil

25
Q

Asthma: Symptoms

A

-bronchoconstriction
-over production of mucus
-oedema (collection of mucus in cavities)
both cause increased airway resistance

26
Q

Asthma: Treatments

A 
Bronchodilators:
-relievers 
  -act immediately e.g. salbutamol
-preventors
  -take two weeks to effect 
  -contain steroids 
  -dull down mast cell response 
Anti-inflammatories:
Given in an asthma attack to re-inflate the airways
27
Q

Asthma: Mechanisms

A
  • mast cells stimulated by allergen
  • release histamine and other cytokines
  • bronchoconstriction
  • mucus production
  • oedema
  • smooth muscle contraction narrowing airways
28
Q

Asthma: Causes

A
  • hypersensitive reaction to allergens
  • exercise and cold air
  • genetics
  • stress
  • air pollution
29
Q

Name the restrictive diseases:

A
  • fibrosis

- respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS, ARDS, SARS)

30
Q

Acute Fibrosis: causes

A

-severe trauma or infection

31
Q

Chronic fibrosis: causes

A
  • industrial or environmental pollutants
  • prescription drug taken over a long period of time
  • disease process
32
Q

Acute fibrosis causes

A

protein exudation - causes fluid build up (oedema) in the alveoli

33
Q

Chronic fibrosis causes:

A

inflammatory processes which cause fibrosis

34
Q

What is fibrosis

A
  • replacement of lung tissue with connective tissue (collagen) and fibrotic tissue
  • reduces gas exchange
  • reduces compliance, makes lungs stiffer
35
Q

Fibrosis: treatments

A

There are no treatments

36
Q

Fibrosis: causes

A
  • environmental or industrial pollutant inhalation
  • cigarette smoke
  • auto immune disease
37
Q

Upper respiratory infections effect the

A

nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

38
Q

Lower respiratory tract infections include

A

-tuberculosis pneumonia and chronic bronchitis

39
Q

Lower respiratory tract infections effect the

A

lungs, trachea and bronchi

40
Q

how often does an adult get a upper respiratory tract infection?

A

2-4 times a year

41
Q

How long does a normal cough last

A

15-18 days

42
Q

How long does a productive cough last?

A

13-17 days

43
Q

More women than men get productive coughs. T or F?

A

T

44
Q

More men than women get productive coughs. T or F?

A

F

45
Q

Pneumonia caused by:

A

bacteria

  • usually streptococcus
  • can be staphylococcus aureus or klebsiella
    • effects the alveoli and bronchioles but can effect the lung
46
Q

What happens in pneumonia?

A

Protein exudate fluid fills the alveoli, inhibiting gas exchange and this causes them to become airless and firm (consolidation)

47
Q

consolidation

A

Protein exudate fluid fills the alveoli, inhibiting gas exchange and this causes them to become airless and firm

48
Q

two types on pneumonia?

A
  • bronchopneumonia
    • alveoli in some of the bronchioles are affected
  • lobar pneumonia
    • alveoli in a certain lobe all become fluid filled
49
Q

Tuberculosis stats:
new cases 2012:
active chronic cases 2012:
deaths:

A

8.8 million new
8 million active
1.2-1.5 millon deaths

50
Q

TB is caused by

A

mycobacterium inhaled, extremely infectious, shows up red in sputum

51
Q

How many phases are there in TB? Name them.

A

2
Latent
Active

52
Q

Describe the Latent phase of TB

A
  • mycobacterium innitiate response which causes the formulation of a granuloma in lung tissue
  • isolated (only effect this lung tissue)
  • not infectious
53
Q

Describe the active phase of TB

A
  • only occurs in 10% of people
  • spreads to the bronchioles and into the circulation
  • breaks down lymphnodes in order to enter the lymph
  • spreads systematically
54
Q

How does TB spread around the body

A
  • Initially it replicates on the macrophages
  • thought to spread due to inefficient immune response
  • spreads to bronchioles
  • moves to lymph and collagen gets deposited around the bacterium destroying lymph nodes and alveoli
  • moves into the lymph and spreads systematically
55
Q

Treatments for TB

A

Very difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance

56
Q

What percentage of people move from the latent phase to the active phase of TB?

A

10%

57
Q

Why does Tb transition phases?

A

Due to an inefficient immune response

Body Systems (21 decks)

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