4) Learning, Instruction, and The PADI System Flashcards
What is an instructional model and what is its purpose?
A theory about how and why people learn that’s used to guide instructional system development
Why is the Robert Gagne’s Conditions of Learning model the foundation of the PADI system?
Is it crucial that Gagne’s events of instruction must be distinct, entirely separate components? Y/N
Gagne’s model works well and continues to be used because:
1) Prescribes specific methods for instruction of different types of learning
2) Is flexible so it applies regardless of media, circumstances, or culture
3) Fits many types of teaching needs (ie aviation, scuba, medicine, emergency care and similar training application)
No
Think like an ________
Instructor (You’re mainly concerned with what, how, and when people learn most effectively because that’s what you apply to diver training)
Is sequence important in learning?
Yes because we learn by building upon what we already know (how much someone can learn in a given period and the required sequence becomes more flexible as the diver gains skills, knowledge, and experience).
The PADI system applies an instructional model that addresses what to teach and when? T/F
True
What is performance based learning and what are its advantages?
Instructional systems based on observable results, apply performance requirements, learning objectives and mastery
Advantages- More time efficient; what a student knows and can do is the focus of instruction; students progress at the pace they learn; it adapts instruction so that students can meet requirements
Does it matter how fast a diver learns a skill; is time an issue? Y/N
No
Participants don’t have to move on by demonstrating they meet performance requirements or learning objectives at appropriate stages? T/F
False
Students can begin learning new knowledge or skills before they have demonstrated mastery of prerequisite knowledge or skills? T/F
False
________ are student-centered and define what learners should be able to do at different training stages
Objectives
Are objectives unobservable, vague capabilities that you can’t impartially asses, things like be able to “understand” or “appreciate” ? Y/N
No (most objectives are met or did not meet yet)
Does the PADI System focus on what the student must be able to do or a specific technique?
What the student must be able to do
Is mastery performing a skill so it meets the stated performance requirements in a reasonably fluid, comfortable, repeatable manner of a diver at that certification level? Y/N
What if the student does the skill apparently by accident, has that student demonstrated mastery? Y/N
Yes
No
What two places can you find where it says how students demonstrate mastery in knowledge development?
General Standards and Procedures under Paperwork and Administrative Procedures as well as individual course guides
Do students need to be _______ to learn intellectually, psychologically, and physically? Y/N
Ready Yes
Does low to moderate stress hep or hurt learning?
Help (but excessive stress, fear, and anxiety tend to reduce thinking and interfere with learning)
People tend to learn better when the process is ______ that is a rewarding challenge.
Fun
Best way to apply repetition
Use repetition as necessary for student to meet the performance requirement, then repeat it further for mastery and polish, followed by applying it in a new way to different circumstances or learning something new based on it
Is the amount of repetition necessary to master a skill the same for everyone? Y/N
No
5 categories of learning and examples of each
1) Verbal Info - names, facts, and info you apply when diving (such as gear, fish species)
2) Intellectual Skills - knowing why various results occur, how to prevent them, how to respond to them when they do (such as volume changes, recognizing a problem and applying a procedure to handle it)
3) Motor Skills - physical body movements (such as clearing a mask)
4) Cognitive Strategies - higher-order thinking skills (ie judgement of something such as dive site suitability)
5) Attitudes - tendencies to make various choices based on knowledge and values (such as your behavior as a role model demonstrating safety and the environment)
PADI system classifies learning as _____ ________, _________ and in some cases practical _________ based on the circumstances in which the student learns
Knowledge Development, Waterskills, Application
Gaining attention to get students to focus is sometimes called a _____
Contact (it can be anything related or unrelated that stimulates interest) (ie interesting story, question, or motivational imagery at start)
You don’t need to inform the students of the objectives? T/F
Why?
False
Benefits learning by making students active learners who know what’s expected and whether they’re learning what they need to (ie objective boxes in manuals and eLearning as well as water skills performance requirements)
Should you remind students of what they’ve already learned? Y/N
Why?
Yes
Students connect previously mastered related knowledge and skills with new ones
In the dive environment and with courses without student media, who provides most of the content through briefings, presentations, and student interactions?
You the instructor
How do you guide attitudes?
How does providing learning guidance benefit learning?
With role model behavior
It provides strategies and suggestions to learn and apply the content (ie teaching divers to remember predive safety check steps, BWRAF)
How does learner performance in which students demonstrate use of new knowledge benefit learning?
Allows students and instructor to asses their progress (ie quick quizzes, knowledge checks, asking questions during presentations or briefings, students practicing a skill)
Providing results informs the students as to how they did as they progress, along with further learning guidance as needed, how does this benefit learning?
Builds confidence, encouraging students to continue to study or practice
If unsuccessful emphasize to students they have not yet met the objective but are in the right track? T/F
True
Assessing Performance benefits learning by confirming the student is ready to move on?
True (ie exams, demonstrations, or application, as well as discussions and interactions to assess attitudes and cognitive strategies)
How do you aid retention and transfer?
Providing learners with strategies for recalling and reapplying what they’ve learned (ie practicing new skills which provides additional skill repetition as well as prerequisite knowledge, debriefings, providing guidance about applying new knowledge and skills to other situations)
Learning objectives and sequencing standards address why a student learns something? T/F
False, they address what the student should be learning and when
Knowledge development typically establishes foundational knowledge in _________ that students next apply as they learn skills based on it in diving circumstances
Is their any flexibility
Sequence
Yes
Should you try to exceed what the learning objective calls for? Y/N
Why?
No
Failure more likely, undermines confidence; when learn to the objective they are more likely to believe they can meet it and see mistakes as learning vs failures; also if exceeding led to an incident defending the practice could be complicated because it lies outside the recommended instruction
What functions of a PADI instructor virtually always apply with the PADI system?
1) Adapting course content to local circumstances and individual needs and abilities
2) Demonstrating and developing motor skills
3) Assessing mastery in context
4) Applying and teaching good judgment (conservative)
5) Imparting enthusiasm and confidence (excited about diving)
2 main reasons role-modeling is important for student learning
1) Students learn a lot by following your example (how to perform or apply learning to when)
2) Your example influences choices (attitudes; good judgement)
Does a good role model do what they teach all the time, even when not instructing? Y/N
Avoid hypocrisy? Y/N
Accessible and visible? Y/N
Shows humility? Y/N
Should staff reflect your role model values? Y/N
Yes to all
Is sequencing important? Y/N
Yes
Role models are particularly important in teaching ________.
Attitudes
Is one of the PADI Instructor functions that virtually always applies delivering knowledge development content? Y/N
No
