4 - economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialised urban places

Question 1

what is a kondratiev wave

Answer 1

‘waves’ lasting 50 years having 4 phases :
- prosperity
- recession
- depression
- recovery

each wave associated with development of technological innovations and economic activities

Question 2

reasons for industrialisation in manchester and impacts

Answer 2

• proximity to coast = exports
• temperate and wet local climate = cotton growth
• mass rural to urban migration
• flat land to build factories/warehouses

IMPACTS:

• rapid economic development
• large infrastructure projects
• poverty and slums
• poor conditions for the poor

Question 3

what is the de-multiplier effect

Answer 3

deindustrialisation, depopulation, dereliction and deprivation = de-multiplier

= no further investment, culture of worklessness and further decline

Question 4

how did manchester attempt to revitalise itself after deindustrialisation

Answer 4

• trafford centre
• arndale centre “all weather” shopping mall involving new m&s
• piccadilly gardens
• exchange square
• christmas markets draw visitors
• spinningfields large business, retail and residential development

Question 5

causes of deindustrialisation

Answer 5

• comparative advantages
• recession
• rising prices of raw materials
• loss of gov subsidies
• environmental laws changing
• declining demand for products

Question 6

economic consequences of deindustrialisation in inner city

Answer 6

• lack of investment
• decline in industry and increase in unemployment
• decline in trade
• decreased wages due to supply and demand of labour changes

Question 7

what are social consequences of loss of traditional industry in inner city

Answer 7

• social exclusion
• high crime/drug
• unemployment
• decentralisation of population
• culture of poverty and decrease in public services and quality

Question 8

what are environmental consequences of loss of traditional industry in inner city

Answer 8

• run down derelict
• lower pollution levels
• building collapse

Question 9

why have inner cities declined

Answer 9

factories close and businesses move to suburbs and urban-rural fringe —> unemployment —> shops/services close, retail moves out to suburbs —> further unemployment —> migration and poverty, move to suburbs —> decline

Question 10

what is social exclusion

Answer 10

• involves lack of resources, rights, goods and services
• inability to participate in normal relationships and activities available to majority of people

Question 11

what can induce social exclusion

Answer 11

• loss of traditional industry in urban areas = poverty = social exclusion

Question 12

how has deindustrialisation affected social exclusion

Answer 12

where large scale deindustrialisation = widespread social exclusion

Question 13

how has deindustrialisation helped environmental objectives

Answer 13

• heavy industry shutting = less pollutants
• higher quality land, air, water

Question 14

which policies can be implemented to help solve deindustrialisation

Answer 14

• retraining a workforce eg longbridge
• environmental/economic policies to improve economy eg Birmingham/Chicago
• stimulation of tertiary growth and investment by foreign MNC’s

Question 15

what is a location quotient

Answer 15

a statistical measure of a regions industrial specialism and concentration relative to an area calculated as a share of an industry of the area total divided by areas share of the areas national total

LQ of 1 = region and nation equally specialised
LQ of 1.8 = region has higher concentration than nation
LQ of 0.5 = lower concentration

LQ = % of total workforce of an area working in sector/industry / workforce in that sector/activity as a % of the total

Question 16

why has mining employment in East Midlands declined

Answer 16

• coal extraction became more expensive as reserves became depleted
• cheaper to import coal mainly from Russia, £330m investment in coal extraction recently turned down
• expensive to make clean form of energy
• historically less use of coal in surrounding area

Question 17

consequences to the local area of a declining coal mine industry

Answer 17

1. young people moved away to find work leaving unequal dependency ratio
2. cultural loss to the area
3. further lack of political focus
4. decline and deprivation due to unemployment

Question 18

why has farming in east anglia declined

Answer 18

• agribusiness development
• loss of subsidies
• mechanisation of agriculture
• cheap imports
• social change (lack of desire to work in sector)

Question 19

what is the cycle of deprivation

Answer 19

decline in manufacturing due to decentralisation and deindustrialisation = intra-urban migration, suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation = people & industry move out of central areas = obsolescence of environment and property = poorest sectors of society left behind = lack of investment possible by local authorities = spiral of decline = new industries and businesses reluctant to relocate