4 - economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialised urban places Flashcards
what is a kondratiev wave
‘waves’ lasting 50 years having 4 phases :
- prosperity
- recession
- depression
- recovery
each wave associated with development of technological innovations and economic activities
reasons for industrialisation in manchester and impacts
- proximity to coast = exports
- temperate and wet local climate = cotton growth
- mass rural to urban migration
- flat land to build factories/warehouses
IMPACTS:
- rapid economic development
- large infrastructure projects
- poverty and slums
- poor conditions for the poor
what is the de-multiplier effect
deindustrialisation, depopulation, dereliction and deprivation = de-multiplier
= no further investment, culture of worklessness and further decline
how did manchester attempt to revitalise itself after deindustrialisation
- trafford centre
- arndale centre “all weather” shopping mall involving new m&s
- piccadilly gardens
- exchange square
- christmas markets draw visitors
- spinningfields large business, retail and residential development
causes of deindustrialisation
- comparative advantages
- recession
- rising prices of raw materials
- loss of gov subsidies
- environmental laws changing
- declining demand for products
economic consequences of deindustrialisation in inner city
- lack of investment
- decline in industry and increase in unemployment
- decline in trade
- decreased wages due to supply and demand of labour changes
what are social consequences of loss of traditional industry in inner city
- social exclusion
- high crime/drug
- unemployment
- decentralisation of population
- culture of poverty and decrease in public services and quality
what are environmental consequences of loss of traditional industry in inner city
- run down derelict
- lower pollution levels
- building collapse
why have inner cities declined
factories close and businesses move to suburbs and urban-rural fringe —> unemployment —> shops/services close, retail moves out to suburbs —> further unemployment —> migration and poverty, move to suburbs —> decline
what is social exclusion
- involves lack of resources, rights, goods and services
- inability to participate in normal relationships and activities available to majority of people
what can induce social exclusion
- loss of traditional industry in urban areas = poverty = social exclusion
how has deindustrialisation affected social exclusion
where large scale deindustrialisation = widespread social exclusion
how has deindustrialisation helped environmental objectives
- heavy industry shutting = less pollutants
- higher quality land, air, water
which policies can be implemented to help solve deindustrialisation
- retraining a workforce eg longbridge
- environmental/economic policies to improve economy eg Birmingham/Chicago
- stimulation of tertiary growth and investment by foreign MNC’s
what is a location quotient
a statistical measure of a regions industrial specialism and concentration relative to an area calculated as a share of an industry of the area total divided by areas share of the areas national total
LQ of 1 = region and nation equally specialised
LQ of 1.8 = region has higher concentration than nation
LQ of 0.5 = lower concentration
LQ = % of total workforce of an area working in sector/industry / workforce in that sector/activity as a % of the total
why has mining employment in East Midlands declined
- coal extraction became more expensive as reserves became depleted
- cheaper to import coal mainly from Russia, £330m investment in coal extraction recently turned down
- expensive to make clean form of energy
- historically less use of coal in surrounding area
consequences to the local area of a declining coal mine industry
- young people moved away to find work leaving unequal dependency ratio
- cultural loss to the area
- further lack of political focus
- decline and deprivation due to unemployment
why has farming in east anglia declined
- agribusiness development
- loss of subsidies
- mechanisation of agriculture
- cheap imports
- social change (lack of desire to work in sector)
what is the cycle of deprivation
decline in manufacturing due to decentralisation and deindustrialisation = intra-urban migration, suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation = people & industry move out of central areas = obsolescence of environment and property = poorest sectors of society left behind = lack of investment possible by local authorities = spiral of decline = new industries and businesses reluctant to relocate
