3 - changes over time in economic characteristics of places Flashcards
what does fisher clarke model show
demonstrates how as economy grows relative importance of different sectors changes
uses percentages employed to show economies through stages
what are the phases of the clark fisher model
PRE INDUSTRIAL - primary employs 2/3 of working population
INDUSTRIAL - secondary/tertiary grow, primary declines
POST INDUSTRIAL - tertiary most important secondary declines primary employing small percentage
why has mining in East Midlands declined
cheaper to import
more expensive, reserves depleted
expensive to make clean energy
what are the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors
PRIMARY - extraction of raw materials from ground eg fishing, farming, minining
SECONDARY - manufacturing of goods from raw materials eg TV/car
TERTIARY - provision of services to people and industries eg shops, banks, dentists, schools, cinemas, hairdressers
QUATERNARY - industry in ICT and research and development eg universities and biotech
what are strengths of the fisher clark model
- allows government an insight into likely future trends, can help structure effective policy
- model based on detailed empirical data from large number of countries
what are weaknesses of the fisher clark model
- model based on development in western countries, not eurocentric and doesnt necessary reflect changes in all countries with different histories, political ideologies, economic systems
- speed of development varys country to country eg china vs germany, model proposes similar time scale for all
- globalisation shown to speed up process of change, meaning developing countries dont always follow same order as model now
- in modern world, significant tourism growth means a country bypasses ‘industrial phase’ completely eg kenya and malta (tourism and financial services)
- primary sector doesnt always decline, individual differences between countries eg saudi arabia developed considerably but primary sector is still significant part of economy
why has coal mining development in east midlands declined
- coal extraction in area become more and more expensive as reserves became depleted
- become cheaper to import coal, mainly from russia £330m investment in coal extraction in UK turned down
- expensive to make clean form of energy (carbon capture)
- historically less and less use of coal in surrounding area (bham/notts)
consequences for local area of mining decline
- young people had to move away to find work leaving unequal dependency ratio
- cultural loss to area, key to many villages identity
- further lack of political focus, power and voice for primary sector employees
- decline in area over last 20 years
why has farming in east anglia declined
- agribusiness development
- loss of subsidies
- mechanisation of agriculture
- cheap imports
- social change (lack of desire to work in sector)
why has farming in east anglia declined
- agribusiness development
- loss of subsidies
- mechanisation of agriculture
- cheap imports
- social change (lack of desire to work in sector)
why has farming in east anglia declined
- agribusiness development
- loss of subsidies
- mechanisation of agriculture
- cheap imports
- social change (lack of desire to work in sector)
consequences of decline in farming for local area
- changes in working patterns (overall numbers people employed in area has decreased but those employed part time has risen by 7% over last 20 years)
- increases in seasonal work in area, undertaken by migrant workers
- older workforce as younger people put off due to social stigma and other more well paid opportunities
