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1. Elliot Social 7 50% > 4: Competition for Trade > Flashcards

4: Competition for Trade Flashcards

1
Q

What was the foundation of the economy discussed?

A

The Fur Trade

The fur trade involved various groups including First Nations, Inuit, Métis, French, and English adventurers.

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2
Q

Who were the main participants in the fur trade?

A

First Nations, Inuit, Métis, French and English adventurers

These groups worked together in the fur trade.

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3
Q

What did the First Nations peoples value that came from Europe?

A

Metal goods

These included pots, knives, axes, copper wire, and other durable tools.

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4
Q

What materials were the First Nations’ tools made of before trading?

A

Stone or wood

The tools made by First Nations peoples were not as durable as those received from Europeans.

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5
Q

Name some goods that First Nations traded for.

A

Blankets, cloth, and thread

These were additional items sought by First Nations peoples in trade.

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6
Q

What type of animals did Europeans want from the First Nations?

A

Marten, otter, beaver

These furs were highly valued in Europe.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The fur trade was a partnership between European traders and _______.

A

First Nations hunters and trappers

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8
Q

True or False: The First Nations peoples relied solely on their own tools and did not trade with Europeans.

A

False

They traded for stronger and more durable goods from Europeans.

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9
Q

What is the exchange of goods called?

A

Barter

The barter system involves trading goods directly without the use of money.

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10
Q

What items did trading parties carry in the barter system?

A
  • Corn
  • Tobacco
  • Copper
  • Pottery
  • Many other goods

These items were traded over long distances among trading parties.

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11
Q

How long had First Nations been trading among themselves?

A

Hundreds of years

This indicates a long-standing tradition of trade among First Nations.

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12
Q

What was a common practice before trade began among trading parties?

A

Resting for a bit

This practice helped establish feelings of respect and trust.

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13
Q

What was exchanged to establish respect and trust with hosts?

A

Gifts and the peace pipe

Sharing the peace pipe was a significant gesture in establishing harmony.

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14
Q

What was offered throughout Eastern North America to honor new friends?

A

Wampum (strings of shells)

Wampum was used as a ceremonial gift to create harmony.

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15
Q

Who adopted the barter system upon their arrival in North America?

A

The French

The French adapted to the existing trade practices of the First Nations.

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16
Q

What was the nature of the fur trade?

A

A partnership between European traders and First Nations trappers

The fur trade involved collaboration to exchange furs for goods.

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17
Q

Did European traders and First Nations benefit equally from the fur trade?

A

No, European traders were paid about 10 times more for pelts than they paid for goods

This significant markup ensured healthy profits for European traders.

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18
Q

Who were the three major groups involved in the fur trade?

A

First Nations, merchants, coureurs de bois

Each group played a distinct role in the fur trade process.

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19
Q

What activities did First Nations men and women engage in during the winter?

A

Men hunted and trapped animals; women skinned and prepared pelts

This division of labor was crucial for the fur trade.

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20
Q

What did First Nations do in the spring related to the fur trade?

A

Loaded bark canoes with furs and traveled to trading posts

This was part of the trading process to exchange furs for goods.

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21
Q

What role did merchants play in the fur trade?

A

Financed and organized the trade, purchasing goods in Europe and shipping them to Canada

Merchants were essential for the logistics of the fur trade.

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22
Q

What does the term ‘coureurs de bois’ mean?

A

Runners of the woods

These were French traders who ventured into the wilderness for trade.

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23
Q

What was the primary activity of coureurs de bois?

A

Paddled canoes into the wilderness to trade for furs

Their adventurous spirit was a key part of the fur trade history.

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24
Q

True or False: Coureurs de bois were known for their reliance on First Nations for trade.

A

True

They depended on First Nations knowledge and networks for successful trading.

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25
Q

Fill in the blank: The European fur traders were paid about _______ times more for pelts than they paid for goods.

A

10

This disparity highlights the profit margins in the fur trade.

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26
Q

What was the nature of the fur trade?

A

A partnership between European traders and First Nations trappers

The fur trade involved collaboration to exchange furs for goods.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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27
Q

Did European traders and First Nations benefit equally from the fur trade?

A

No, European traders were paid about 10 times more for pelts than they paid for goods

This significant markup ensured healthy profits for European traders.

How well did you know this?
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28
Q

Who were the three major groups involved in the fur trade?

A

First Nations, merchants, coureurs de bois

Each group played a distinct role in the fur trade process.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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29
Q

What activities did First Nations men and women engage in during the winter?

A

Men hunted and trapped animals; women skinned and prepared pelts

This division of labor was crucial for the fur trade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What did First Nations do in the spring related to the fur trade?

A

Loaded bark canoes with furs and traveled to trading posts

This was part of the trading process to exchange furs for goods.

How well did you know this?
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31
Q

What role did merchants play in the fur trade?

A

Financed and organized the trade, purchasing goods in Europe and shipping them to Canada

Merchants were essential for the logistics of the fur trade.

How well did you know this?
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3
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32
Q

What does the term ‘coureurs de bois’ mean?

A

Runners of the woods

These were French traders who ventured into the wilderness for trade.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What was the primary activity of coureurs de bois?

A

Paddled canoes into the wilderness to trade for furs

Their adventurous spirit was a key part of the fur trade history.

How well did you know this?
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34
Q

True or False: Coureurs de bois were known for their reliance on First Nations for trade.

A

True

They depended on First Nations knowledge and networks for successful trading.

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35
Q

Fill in the blank: The European fur traders were paid about _______ times more for pelts than they paid for goods.

A

10

This disparity highlights the profit margins in the fur trade.

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36
Q

What did the First Nations show Europeans to help them cope with the North American Wilderness?

A

How to find food

The First Nations provided essential survival skills to the Europeans.

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37
Q

What medicinal knowledge did the First Nations impart to Europeans?

A

How to make medicine to cure diseases such as scurvy

This knowledge was crucial for the health of early settlers.

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38
Q

What advice did the First Nations provide regarding clothing?

A

How to dress for the cold weather

Proper clothing was vital for survival in harsh climates.

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39
Q

What forms of transportation did the First Nations provide?

A

Canoes, snowshoes, and toboggans

These modes of transport were essential for navigating the wilderness.

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40
Q

What did the First Nations share with the Europeans regarding the environment?

A

Their knowledge of the region

This knowledge included understanding local resources and navigation.

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41
Q

What role did the First Nations play in trade for the Europeans?

A

Assisting in trade deals with various groups

This included negotiating and facilitating commerce.

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42
Q

Fill in the blank: The First Nations taught Europeans how to _______ food.

A

Cook

Cooking skills were essential for the settlers’ survival and nutrition.

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43
Q

What skills related to clothing and equipment did the First Nations teach Europeans?

A

Sewing snowshoes, preparing pemmican, and so on

These skills were vital for adapting to the environment.

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44
Q

What did the First Nations show Europeans to help them cope with the North American Wilderness?

A

How to find food

The First Nations provided essential survival skills to the Europeans.

How well did you know this?
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45
Q

What medicinal knowledge did the First Nations impart to Europeans?

A

How to make medicine to cure diseases such as scurvy

This knowledge was crucial for the health of early settlers.

How well did you know this?
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5
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46
Q

What advice did the First Nations provide regarding clothing?

A

How to dress for the cold weather

Proper clothing was vital for survival in harsh climates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What forms of transportation did the First Nations provide?

A

Canoes, snowshoes, and toboggans

These modes of transport were essential for navigating the wilderness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What did the First Nations share with the Europeans regarding the environment?

A

Their knowledge of the region

This knowledge included understanding local resources and navigation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What role did the First Nations play in trade for the Europeans?

A

Assisting in trade deals with various groups

This included negotiating and facilitating commerce.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Fill in the blank: The First Nations taught Europeans how to _______ food.

A

Cook

Cooking skills were essential for the settlers’ survival and nutrition.

How well did you know this?
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3
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51
Q

What skills related to clothing and equipment did the First Nations teach Europeans?

A

Sewing snowshoes, preparing pemmican, and so on

These skills were vital for adapting to the environment.

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52
Q

What essential tasks did First Nations and Métis women perform in the forts?

A

Making moccasins and clothing, collecting birchbark and spruce gum for canoes, weaving fishing nets and snowshoes, gathering firewood, contributing to the food supply by snaring small animals and collecting nuts, roots, berries, bulbs, and leaves for tea.

These tasks were crucial for the survival and daily life in the forts.

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53
Q

What role did First Nations and Métis women have while working ‘on the road’?

A

Paddled canoes and worked in camps.

Their contributions were vital during travel and camping.

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54
Q

Who was Matonabbee?

A

A Dene explorer who led Samuel Hearne on his trips.

The Dene lived in the boreal forest and tundra of the Northwest Territories.

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55
Q

What was Matonabbee’s stance on traveling without women?

A

He refused to travel without women to help.

This reflects the importance of women in Dene society.

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56
Q

What was the role of women and children in Dene society?

A

All clan members, including women and children, shared the duties and responsibilities of survival.

This indicates a communal approach to survival.

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57
Q

Why were First Nations and Métis women valuable as interpreters and negotiators?

A

Many knew more than one language.

This linguistic ability facilitated communication and negotiations.

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58
Q

What additional role did First Nations and Métis women serve besides being interpreters?

A

They worked as guides.

Their knowledge of geography and language made them essential for navigation.

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59
Q

Fill in the blank: Matonabbee was the ______ who led Samuel Hearne on his trips.

A

Dene explorer

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60
Q

How did the government of France influence the fur trade in New France?

A

The French king controlled the fur trade and used the profits to benefit the colony.

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61
Q

What role did shop owners play in the economy of New France?

A

Shop owners used their profits to buy goods from farmers.

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62
Q

What was the primary economic activity in the early days of New France?

A

The fur trade was the primary economic activity.

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63
Q

Who was appointed by the king to oversee the economy of New France in 1663?

A

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

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64
Q

What was Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s goal for New France?

A

To make New France part of the mercantile system.

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65
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ spent their wages in the shops.

A

coureurs de bois

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66
Q

What did farmers do with the money they earned from selling goods?

A

They used that money to buy supplies from the coop or other businesses.

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67
Q

True or False: The economy of New France remained solely based on the fur trade.

A

False.

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68
Q

What did the French government prevent traders from doing?

A

Building trading posts outside of North America.

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69
Q

What did New France send back to the home country in exchange for goods?

A

Fish, timber, and other resources.

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70
Q

How did the profits from the fur trade benefit the colony?

A

The profits were used by the king to support and develop the colony.

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71
Q

What was a significant factor in the economy of New France that involved multiple parties?

A

The trading, buying, and selling between shop owners, farmers, and traders.

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72
Q

Fill in the blank: The economy of New France grew to become the economy of the _____ in which you live today.

A

country

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73
Q

What was the impact of First Nations trappers and European traders on the future economy?

A

They paved the way for the future economy.

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74
Q

What did Colbert aim to achieve with his plans for New France?

A

To integrate New France into the mercantile system.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

How did the government of France influence the fur trade in New France?

A

The French king controlled the fur trade and used the profits to benefit the colony.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What role did shop owners play in the economy of New France?

A

Shop owners used their profits to buy goods from farmers.

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3
4
5
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77
Q

What was the primary economic activity in the early days of New France?

A

The fur trade was the primary economic activity.

How well did you know this?
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4
5
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78
Q

Who was appointed by the king to oversee the economy of New France in 1663?

A

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What was Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s goal for New France?

A

To make New France part of the mercantile system.

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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80
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ spent their wages in the shops.

A

coureurs de bois

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81
Q

What did farmers do with the money they earned from selling goods?

A

They used that money to buy supplies from the coop or other businesses.

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82
Q

True or False: The economy of New France remained solely based on the fur trade.

A

False.

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83
Q

What did the French government prevent traders from doing?

A

Building trading posts outside of North America.

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84
Q

What did New France send back to the home country in exchange for goods?

A

Fish, timber, and other resources.

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85
Q

How did the profits from the fur trade benefit the colony?

A

The profits were used by the king to support and develop the colony.

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86
Q

What was a significant factor in the economy of New France that involved multiple parties?

A

The trading, buying, and selling between shop owners, farmers, and traders.

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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87
Q

Fill in the blank: The economy of New France grew to become the economy of the _____ in which you live today.

A

country

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88
Q

What was the impact of First Nations trappers and European traders on the future economy?

A

They paved the way for the future economy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What did Colbert aim to achieve with his plans for New France?

A

To integrate New France into the mercantile system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Who was put in charge of planning the colony in 1663?

A

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Colbert aimed to integrate the colony into the mercantile system.

How well did you know this?
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91
Q

What system did Colbert want New France to be a part of?

A

The mercantile system

This system involved trade where colonies supplied raw materials to the home country.

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92
Q

What goods did New France send to France?

A

Fish, timber, and furs

These were key exports from New France to the home country.

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93
Q

What did Colbert prohibit regarding trading posts?

A

Building trading posts in the interior of North America

He believed this would lead to conflicts with First Nations.

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94
Q

Which economic network did the French rely on for fur trading?

A

The Wendat

The Wendat helped transport furs from various First Nations to Montreal.

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95
Q

Who was in charge of the economy after 1665?

A

Jean Talon

Talon was instrumental in developing the economy of New France.

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96
Q

What did Jean Talon use to support local industries?

A

Government money

This financial support helped stimulate economic growth.

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97
Q

What was the effect of Talon’s policies on the number of French colonists?

A

The number of French colonists doubled

His efforts significantly increased the population of New France.

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98
Q

Who was put in charge of planning the colony in 1663?

A

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Colbert aimed to integrate the colony into the mercantile system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What system did Colbert want New France to be a part of?

A

The mercantile system

This system involved trade where colonies supplied raw materials to the home country.

How well did you know this?
1
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3
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100
Q

What goods did New France send to France?

A

Fish, timber, and furs

These were key exports from New France to the home country.

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101
Q

What did Colbert prohibit regarding trading posts?

A

Building trading posts in the interior of North America

He believed this would lead to conflicts with First Nations.

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102
Q

Which economic network did the French rely on for fur trading?

A

The Wendat

The Wendat helped transport furs from various First Nations to Montreal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Who was in charge of the economy after 1665?

A

Jean Talon

Talon was instrumental in developing the economy of New France.

104
Q

What did Jean Talon use to support local industries?

A

Government money

This financial support helped stimulate economic growth.

105
Q

What was the effect of Talon’s policies on the number of French colonists?

A

The number of French colonists doubled

His efforts significantly increased the population of New France.

106
Q

Who was the French noble that became governor in 1672?

A

The Marquis de Frontenac

107
Q

What significant problem did Frontenac face upon becoming governor?

A

Many Wendat had been killed by smallpox

108
Q

Which group was responsible for killing many Wendat, further destabilizing their society?

A

The Haudenosaunee

109
Q

What was the consequence of the Wendat society falling apart?

A

They could no longer bring furs to Montreal

110
Q

Which group was less powerful compared to the Wendat and faced enemies?

A

The Odawa

111
Q

What strategy did Frontenac employ to counteract threats from the English?

A

He sent coureurs de bois into the interior

112
Q

What was the purpose of expanding the system of trading posts?

A

To prevent the English from gaining control

113
Q

What was the name of the alliance formed to fight the Haudenosaunee?

A

The Council of Three Fires

114
Q

Which nations were part of the Council of Three Fires?

A
  • Potawatomi
  • Odawa
  • Ojibwa
115
Q

What geographical area did the Potawatomi inhabit?

A

South of Lake Erie

116
Q

What effort was made by the Council of Three Fires against the Haudenosaunee?

A

They had many successes

117
Q

After how many decades were the First Nations and New France ready to discuss peace?

A

Six decades

118
Q

In what season did the peace discussions take place?

A

Summer

119
Q

How many delegates attended the peace discussions from various regions?

A

100 delegates

120
Q

Which regions were represented at the peace discussions?

A
  • The east
  • The Great Lakes region in the west
  • James Bay in the north
121
Q

Who was the French noble that became governor in 1672?

A

The Marquis de Frontenac

122
Q

What significant problem did Frontenac face upon becoming governor?

A

Many Wendat had been killed by smallpox

123
Q

Which group was responsible for killing many Wendat, further destabilizing their society?

A

The Haudenosaunee

124
Q

What was the consequence of the Wendat society falling apart?

A

They could no longer bring furs to Montreal

125
Q

Which group was less powerful compared to the Wendat and faced enemies?

A

The Odawa

126
Q

What strategy did Frontenac employ to counteract threats from the English?

A

He sent coureurs de bois into the interior

127
Q

What was the purpose of expanding the system of trading posts?

A

To prevent the English from gaining control

128
Q

What was the name of the alliance formed to fight the Haudenosaunee?

A

The Council of Three Fires

129
Q

Which nations were part of the Council of Three Fires?

A
  • Potawatomi
  • Odawa
  • Ojibwa
130
Q

What geographical area did the Potawatomi inhabit?

A

South of Lake Erie

131
Q

What effort was made by the Council of Three Fires against the Haudenosaunee?

A

They had many successes

132
Q

After how many decades were the First Nations and New France ready to discuss peace?

A

Six decades

133
Q

In what season did the peace discussions take place?

A

Summer

134
Q

How many delegates attended the peace discussions from various regions?

A

100 delegates

135
Q

Which regions were represented at the peace discussions?

A
  • The east
  • The Great Lakes region in the west
  • James Bay in the north
136
Q

What were the Coureurs de bois able to do as a result of changes in trade?

A

Travel in peace and acquire furs from the Montagnais and Odawa

Coureurs de bois were French fur traders who ventured into Indigenous territories.

137
Q

What caused the French to expand farther north and west?

A

Dwindling local beaver populations

The demand for beaver fur drove the French to seek new sources.

138
Q

How did global trade manifest three hundred years ago?

A

Business people shipped furs across the ocean from North America to France

This trade marked the beginning of significant global economic interactions.

139
Q

What is a significant aspect of Canada’s economy today?

A

It relies heavily on global trade

Many goods in Canada are imported, while Canadian products are exported.

140
Q

What led Europeans to explore the entire continent?

A

The quest for more beaver fur

This exploration was driven by the lucrative fur trade.

141
Q

What economic developments arose from the fur trade profits?

A

Mills, shipbuilding yards, iron foundries, and textile industries

The fur trade stimulated various sectors of the economy.

142
Q

What was crucial for trade to succeed during the fur trade?

A

Transportation

Effective transportation was necessary for moving goods.

143
Q

What modes of transportation were relied upon by traders during the fur trade?

A

Boats, canoes, and trails

These were essential for transporting goods across waterways.

144
Q

What geographical advantage did France have in trade?

A

Control of trade along the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes

This control provided significant leverage in the fur trade.

145
Q

What blocked English fur traders from expanding into the West?

A

The Adirondack Mountains

This geographical barrier limited English trade routes.

146
Q

What system did waterways in North America provide?

A

A system of communication and trade

Water routes were vital for connecting communities and markets.

147
Q

Fill in the blank: The quest for more beaver led Europeans to explore the entire _______.

A

continent

148
Q

True or False: The peace from the fur trade lasted until the 1750s.

A

True

The stability of the fur trade was disrupted in the 1750s.

149
Q

What was the main goal of the English Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) established in 1670?

A

To make money

The HBC was granted a charter for control of the fur trade by the English king.

150
Q

What kind of relationship did the English fur traders have with the First Nations?

A

They traded with them

The relationship involved exchange and cooperation in the fur trade.

151
Q

How did the English fur trade differ from the French fur trade?

A

The English built forts along Hudson Bay, while the French used a combination of sea and canoe routes

This difference affected transportation efficiency and speed of fur delivery.

152
Q

Why was Hudson Bay a strategic location for the English fur trade?

A

It was close to abundant fur supplies and provided good transportation routes

The northern forests had better fur quality due to colder climates.

153
Q

What was one advantage of the rivers flowing into Hudson Bay for the fur trade?

A

They provided good transportation routes for First Nations trappers

These routes facilitated easier access to the fur supply.

154
Q

Fill in the blank: Northern furs are better because animals grow the thickest fur in the _______.

A

coldest climates

155
Q

True or False: The French route to obtain furs was shorter than the English route via Hudson Bay.

A

False

The HBC could get furs to England in one year, while the French route took two.

156
Q

What type of ships were able to deliver heavy supplies directly to the English forts?

A

Large supply ships

This was possible due to the fort’s location on Hudson Bay.

157
Q

What was the main goal of the English Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) established in 1670?

A

To make money

The HBC was granted a charter for control of the fur trade by the English king.

158
Q

What kind of relationship did the English fur traders have with the First Nations?

A

They traded with them

The relationship involved exchange and cooperation in the fur trade.

159
Q

How did the English fur trade differ from the French fur trade?

A

The English built forts along Hudson Bay, while the French used a combination of sea and canoe routes

This difference affected transportation efficiency and speed of fur delivery.

160
Q

Why was Hudson Bay a strategic location for the English fur trade?

A

It was close to abundant fur supplies and provided good transportation routes

The northern forests had better fur quality due to colder climates.

161
Q

What was one advantage of the rivers flowing into Hudson Bay for the fur trade?

A

They provided good transportation routes for First Nations trappers

These routes facilitated easier access to the fur supply.

162
Q

Fill in the blank: Northern furs are better because animals grow the thickest fur in the _______.

A

coldest climates

163
Q

True or False: The French route to obtain furs was shorter than the English route via Hudson Bay.

A

False

The HBC could get furs to England in one year, while the French route took two.

164
Q

What type of ships were able to deliver heavy supplies directly to the English forts?

A

Large supply ships

This was possible due to the fort’s location on Hudson Bay.

165
Q

What event marked the end of competition between French and English fur traders in the West?

A

The British control of New France in 1760

This event led to the cessation of French trade.

166
Q

Who were the Metis?

A

The children of European fathers and First Nations mothers

The Metis played a significant role in the fur trade.

167
Q

What was the North West Company also known as?

A

The NorWesters

This group formed by traders from Montréal extended the fur trade beyond previous limits.

168
Q

What role did the voyageurs play in the fur trade?

A

They paddled canoes and hauled supplies across the portages

Many were Canadiens and included paddlers from Mohawk and Anishinabe communities.

169
Q

Fill in the blank: The Metis became the chief suppliers of _______ to the Western trading posts.

A

buffalo meat

170
Q

What was the primary occupation of the Metis in the fur trade?

A

They worked both as voyageurs and as employees in the forts

The 1804 North West Company employee list included many Metis.

171
Q

True or False: The NorWesters embraced traditional methods of the French fur traders.

A

True

172
Q

What were the fabled voyageurs formerly known as?

A

Coureurs de bois

This term referred to men who engaged in the fur trade in the early days.

173
Q

What cultural characteristics did the Metis possess?

A

They were comfortable in more than one culture and often knew two languages

This made them valuable as interpreters in the fur trade.

174
Q

How did the fur trade in the West bring various peoples together?

A

By blending English and French ways of doing things and creating new social ties

The interactions led to the formation of new communities like the Metis.

175
Q

What was the role of Scottish or English business people in the fur trade?

A

They blended English and French trading methods

Many of them married Francophone women, contributing to cultural integration.

176
Q

What were the trading posts of the Western interior known as?

A

Inlanders or winterers

These were individuals who lived year-round at the trading posts.

177
Q

Where did the voyageur songs originate?

A

Chapter z on Vour oces and Visions CD-ROM

This resource contains the songs of the voyageurs.

178
Q

What did the voyageurs bring back from their trading expeditions?

A

Furs traded with the First Nations

The furs were collected by those known as inlanders.

179
Q

What was celebrated after the exchange of goods at the trading posts?

A

A banquet and a dance

This was a tradition to celebrate the completion of trading.

180
Q

What was the spirit of the voyageurs characterized by?

A

A spirit of adventure and a willingness to work hard for the good of the group

This reflects their collaborative nature.

181
Q

What languages did most voyageurs speak?

A

French and a First Nations language

This bilingualism facilitated trade and relations with First Nations communities.

182
Q

Which company did the voyageurs work for until 1821?

A

North West Company

After 1821, the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) bought the North West Company.

183
Q

What was the impact of the voyageurs on the French language in Canada?

A

Many First Nations learned to speak French

The presence of the voyageurs helped spread the French language.

184
Q

What was one of the significant outcomes for the voyageurs after their trading activities?

A

Many settled permanently in the West

They became the first Europeans to establish roots on the Prairies.

185
Q

Fill in the blank: The voyageurs were known for their _______ in the Western fur trade.

A

French

French was the primary language used in the Western fur trade.

186
Q

What were the trading posts of the Western interior known as?

A

Inlanders or winterers

These were individuals who lived year-round at the trading posts.

187
Q

Where did the voyageur songs originate?

A

Chapter z on Vour oces and Visions CD-ROM

This resource contains the songs of the voyageurs.

188
Q

What did the voyageurs bring back from their trading expeditions?

A

Furs traded with the First Nations

The furs were collected by those known as inlanders.

189
Q

What was celebrated after the exchange of goods at the trading posts?

A

A banquet and a dance

This was a tradition to celebrate the completion of trading.

190
Q

What was the spirit of the voyageurs characterized by?

A

A spirit of adventure and a willingness to work hard for the good of the group

This reflects their collaborative nature.

191
Q

What languages did most voyageurs speak?

A

French and a First Nations language

This bilingualism facilitated trade and relations with First Nations communities.

192
Q

Which company did the voyageurs work for until 1821?

A

North West Company

After 1821, the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) bought the North West Company.

193
Q

What was the impact of the voyageurs on the French language in Canada?

A

Many First Nations learned to speak French

The presence of the voyageurs helped spread the French language.

194
Q

What was one of the significant outcomes for the voyageurs after their trading activities?

A

Many settled permanently in the West

They became the first Europeans to establish roots on the Prairies.

195
Q

Fill in the blank: The voyageurs were known for their _______ in the Western fur trade.

A

French

French was the primary language used in the Western fur trade.

196
Q

Who was Peter Pond?

A

An American from Connecticut involved in the fur trade

197
Q

What did First Nations people persuade Peter Pond to build?

A

A small trading post on the Athabasca River

198
Q

In what year did Peter Pond establish the trading post?

A

1778

199
Q

What was significant about the trading post built by Peter Pond?

A

It was the first fur-trading post in what is now Alberta

200
Q

What replaced Peter Pond’s trading post?

A

Fort Chipewyan

201
Q

Where is Fort Chipewyan located?

A

On Lake Athabasca

202
Q

Who were the Dene people?

A

The indigenous people who lived east of Lake Athabasca

203
Q

What role did Fort Chipewyan serve in Alberta?

A

A major trading centre and the first European community

204
Q

What nickname did voyageurs give to Fort Chipewyan?

A

The ‘Emporium of the North’

205
Q

What national park is located near Fort Chipewyan?

A

Wood Buffalo National Park

206
Q

What were the Nor Westers known for in the fur trade?

A

Carrying the fur trade westward up the Peace and Mackenzie Rivers and building trading posts

The Nor Westers were a fur trading company that competed with the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) in Canada.

207
Q

What strategy did both the Nor Westers and HBC employ in the fur trade?

A

They both built trading posts and offered higher prices for furs

This competition aimed to be closer to the trappers who supplied the furs.

208
Q

What negative behaviors emerged among rival traders in the fur trade?

A

Fist fights, bullying trappers, and trading alcohol for furs

These actions made the trading environment increasingly hostile.

209
Q

Fill in the blank: The relationship between the First Nations trappers and the rival traders became increasingly _______.

A

difficult

210
Q

True or False: The HBC and Nor Westers successfully maintained peaceful relations with First Nations trappers.

A

False

The competition for furs led to negative consequences for the relationships with trappers.

211
Q

What were the Nor Westers known for in the fur trade?

A

Carrying the fur trade westward up the Peace and Mackenzie Rivers and building trading posts

The Nor Westers were a fur trading company that competed with the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) in Canada.

212
Q

What strategy did both the Nor Westers and HBC employ in the fur trade?

A

They both built trading posts and offered higher prices for furs

This competition aimed to be closer to the trappers who supplied the furs.

213
Q

What negative behaviors emerged among rival traders in the fur trade?

A

Fist fights, bullying trappers, and trading alcohol for furs

These actions made the trading environment increasingly hostile.

214
Q

Fill in the blank: The relationship between the First Nations trappers and the rival traders became increasingly _______.

A

difficult

215
Q

True or False: The HBC and Nor Westers successfully maintained peaceful relations with First Nations trappers.

A

False

The competition for furs led to negative consequences for the relationships with trappers.

216
Q

Who was Alexander Mackenzie?

A

A veteran NorWester explorer from Scotland who worked in the fur trade in Canada.

217
Q

What significant geographical barrier did the Rocky Mountains create?

A

A barrier that kept the voyageurs from pushing westward.

218
Q

What did Alexander Mackenzie attempt to find?

A

A way through the Rocky Mountains.

219
Q

What river did Mackenzie try in 1789?

A

A long river heading out of Great Slave Lake.

220
Q

What did Mackenzie name the river that took him to the Arctic Ocean?

A

The ‘River of Disappointment.’

221
Q

What river system did Mackenzie explore in his second expedition?

A

The Peace River and the Bella Coola River.

222
Q

Who accompanied Mackenzie on his second expedition?

A

François Beaulieu, a Métis.

223
Q

What was significant about Mackenzie’s expedition?

A

It was the first group of Europeans to cross the continent by land from east to west.

224
Q

Fill in the blank: Alexander Mackenzie was a veteran _______.

A

NorWester.

225
Q

True or False: Alexander Mackenzie successfully crossed the Rocky Mountains on his first attempt.

A

False.

226
Q

Who was Alexander Mackenzie?

A

A veteran NorWester explorer from Scotland who worked in the fur trade in Canada.

227
Q

What significant geographical barrier did the Rocky Mountains create?

A

A barrier that kept the voyageurs from pushing westward.

228
Q

What did Alexander Mackenzie attempt to find?

A

A way through the Rocky Mountains.

229
Q

What river did Mackenzie try in 1789?

A

A long river heading out of Great Slave Lake.

230
Q

What did Mackenzie name the river that took him to the Arctic Ocean?

A

The ‘River of Disappointment.’

231
Q

What river system did Mackenzie explore in his second expedition?

A

The Peace River and the Bella Coola River.

232
Q

Who accompanied Mackenzie on his second expedition?

A

François Beaulieu, a Métis.

233
Q

What was significant about Mackenzie’s expedition?

A

It was the first group of Europeans to cross the continent by land from east to west.

234
Q

Fill in the blank: Alexander Mackenzie was a veteran _______.

A

NorWester.

235
Q

True or False: Alexander Mackenzie successfully crossed the Rocky Mountains on his first attempt.

A

False.

236
Q

What were the negative impacts of contact between cultures during the fur trade?

A

Contact led to the erosion of First Nations societies, loss of lands, and alterations of traditional ways of life

European companies profited significantly while First Nations suffered greatly.

237
Q

How did the fur trade change the way of life for many First Nations individuals?

A

It affected their identity and led to adaptations in their traditional practices

Many focused on trapping furs and working at trading posts.

238
Q

What were some roles that First Nations people took on in the fur trade?

A

They trapped furs, worked at trading posts, hunted for food for newcomers, and paddled canoes filled with furs

This marked a shift from their traditional ways of living.

239
Q

What happened to the beaver supplies over time during the fur trade?

A

Beaver supplies shrank, prompting some First Nations to move out of their traditional territories

This led to disputes as they displaced other First Nations.

240
Q

How did the fur trade affect the way First Nations met their needs?

A

They began to depend on European goods instead of using their surroundings

Before the fur trade, they relied on the environment and traded with other nations.

241
Q

Which First Nations hunted buffalo as part of their way of life?

A

Cree and Nakoda

They expanded their hunt to make pemmican for voyageurs.

242
Q

What was the impact of newcomers on buffalo populations?

A

Newcomers hunted and traded for buffalo hides, leading to the rapid disappearance of buffalo herds

This change affected the way of life for First Nations of the Plains.

243
Q

What languages became dominant due to European contact?

A

French and English

This contributed to the slow loss of Aboriginal languages.

244
Q

What was perhaps the greatest disaster resulting from the fur trade?

A

Disease

Traders and missionaries brought germs that led to epidemics among First Nations and Inuit.

245
Q

Which diseases were introduced to North America that affected First Nations and Inuit?

A

Smallpox, measles, influenza, whooping cough

These diseases did not exist in North America before European contact.

246
Q

Fill in the blank: Hundreds of thousands of First Nations and Inuit died in ______ that swept across the continent.

A

epidemics

Their bodies had no immunity to the new diseases introduced by Europeans.

247
Q

What were the negative impacts of contact between cultures during the fur trade?

A

Contact led to the erosion of First Nations societies, loss of lands, and alterations of traditional ways of life

European companies profited significantly while First Nations suffered greatly.

248
Q

How did the fur trade change the way of life for many First Nations individuals?

A

It affected their identity and led to adaptations in their traditional practices

Many focused on trapping furs and working at trading posts.

249
Q

What were some roles that First Nations people took on in the fur trade?

A

They trapped furs, worked at trading posts, hunted for food for newcomers, and paddled canoes filled with furs

This marked a shift from their traditional ways of living.

250
Q

What happened to the beaver supplies over time during the fur trade?

A

Beaver supplies shrank, prompting some First Nations to move out of their traditional territories

This led to disputes as they displaced other First Nations.

251
Q

How did the fur trade affect the way First Nations met their needs?

A

They began to depend on European goods instead of using their surroundings

Before the fur trade, they relied on the environment and traded with other nations.

252
Q

Which First Nations hunted buffalo as part of their way of life?

A

Cree and Nakoda

They expanded their hunt to make pemmican for voyageurs.

253
Q

What was the impact of newcomers on buffalo populations?

A

Newcomers hunted and traded for buffalo hides, leading to the rapid disappearance of buffalo herds

This change affected the way of life for First Nations of the Plains.

254
Q

What languages became dominant due to European contact?

A

French and English

This contributed to the slow loss of Aboriginal languages.

255
Q

What was perhaps the greatest disaster resulting from the fur trade?

A

Disease

Traders and missionaries brought germs that led to epidemics among First Nations and Inuit.

256
Q

Which diseases were introduced to North America that affected First Nations and Inuit?

A

Smallpox, measles, influenza, whooping cough

These diseases did not exist in North America before European contact.

257
Q

Fill in the blank: Hundreds of thousands of First Nations and Inuit died in ______ that swept across the continent.

A

epidemics

Their bodies had no immunity to the new diseases introduced by Europeans.

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