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1. Elliot Social 7 50% > 1: Aboriginal Societies, Intro and Miˋkmaq > Flashcards

1: Aboriginal Societies, Intro and Miˋkmaq Flashcards

1
Q

What is culture?

A

Culture is a way of life or a way of being that is shared by a group of people.

It includes knowledge, experiences, and values that shape members’ worldview.

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2
Q

What elements are included in culture?

A

Culture includes:
* Knowledge
* Experiences
* Values
* Governments
* Relationships with nature
* Languages
* Beliefs
* Foods
* Clothing
* Sports
* Entertainment

These elements contribute to how a group perceives and interacts with the world.

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3
Q

True or False: Culture is static and does not change over time.

A

False

Culture is an active part of our lives and changes to reflect societal changes.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Culture always stays associated with a particular _______.

A

[group of people]

Regardless of changes, culture remains tied to its community.

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5
Q

What does culture shape in its members?

A

Culture shapes the way its members see the world.

This perception influences attitudes, behaviors, and interactions.

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6
Q

What does a pluralistic society mean?

A

A society that values all cultures and is made up of many groups of people with unique identities, ideas, and ways of seeing the world.

Pluralism emphasizes respect for individual and collective opinions and identities.

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7
Q

What is the significance of respecting diversity in Canada?

A

It encourages the development of a vibrant, democratic society.

A diverse society fosters various perspectives and promotes inclusivity.

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8
Q

Who were the original inhabitants of Canada that formed a pluralistic society?

A

The First Nations and Inuit.

These groups had their own unique ideas, world views, languages, spiritual beliefs, governments, and ways of life.

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9
Q

Name one of the three groups explored in the chapter.

A

Mikmaq, Haudenosaunee, or Anishinabe.

These groups were among the first to contact European explorers in the 1400s and 1500s.

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10
Q

True or False: Pluralism means respecting only the majority culture.

A

False.

Pluralism values and respects all cultures and identities, not just the majority.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Pluralism in Canada encourages the development of a _______ society.

A

[vibrant, democratic]

A vibrant society is characterized by active participation and diverse viewpoints.

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12
Q

What aspects did each First Nations and Inuit group have that contributed to their pluralistic society?

A

Each group had its own:
* Ideas
* World view
* Language
* Spiritual beliefs
* Government
* Way of life

These elements helped establish distinct identities and cultures within the pluralistic framework.

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13
Q

What years were significant for European explorers traveling to North America?

A

1400s and 1500s.

This period marked the beginning of significant contact between Indigenous peoples and European explorers.

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14
Q

Where have First Nations peoples lived in Canada?

A

All parts of the land now called Canada

This includes areas like the Arctic, west coast, eastern woodlands, prairie grasslands, western plateau, and subarctic tundra.

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15
Q

What kind of environments did First Nations peoples inhabit?

A

Frozen lands, mountains, islands, woodlands, grasslands, plateau, tundra

These environments reflect the vast diversity of Canada’s geography.

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16
Q

How did First Nations cultures develop?

A

Cultures developed uniquely suited to their surroundings in the natural world

Each First Nation adapted to its specific environment, leading to diverse cultural practices.

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17
Q

What does the term ‘natural world’ refer to?

A

Land, water, mountains, forests, plants, wildlife, and climate

These elements are essential in shaping the cultures of First Nations peoples.

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18
Q

True or False: The cultures of First Nations peoples are homogenous across Canada.

A

False

The cultures became as diverse as the Canadian landscape.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The peoples’ cultures became as _______ as the Canadian landscape.

A

diverse

This reflects the adaptation of cultures to different geographical and environmental contexts.

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20
Q

What are core values?

A

Important ideas or beliefs about how people should live.

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21
Q

What do core values collectively make up?

A

A world view.

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22
Q

Which First Nations peoples are mentioned in the text?

A

Mikmaq, Anishinabe, and Haudenosaunee.

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23
Q

How do some First Nations refer to the drum?

A

The heartbeat of the earth.

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24
Q

What do First Nations peoples share regarding their relationships?

A

Shared values relating to their relationships with the Creator, the natural world, and other people.

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25
Q

Fill in the blank: Core values are important ideas or beliefs about how people should _______.

A

[live].

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26
Q

True or False: All First Nations cultures have the same core values.

A

False.

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27
Q

What is a world view?

A

The overall perspective from which one sees and interprets the world.

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28
Q

What are core values?

A

Important ideas or beliefs about how people should live.

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29
Q

What do core values collectively make up?

A

A world view.

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30
Q

Which First Nations peoples are mentioned in the text?

A

Mikmaq, Anishinabe, and Haudenosaunee.

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31
Q

How do some First Nations refer to the drum?

A

The heartbeat of the earth.

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32
Q

What do First Nations peoples share regarding their relationships?

A

Shared values relating to their relationships with the Creator, the natural world, and other people.

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: Core values are important ideas or beliefs about how people should _______.

A

[live].

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34
Q

True or False: All First Nations cultures have the same core values.

A

False.

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35
Q

What is a world view?

A

The overall perspective from which one sees and interprets the world.

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36
Q

What do many First Nations people believe about the relationship between people and nature?

A

People are not separate from nature or from the non-living world. Everything on earth is connected to everything else.

This perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living and non-living entities.

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37
Q

Why is the wisdom and experience of Elders valued in many First Nations communities?

A

Elders deserve the respect of all members of the community.

Elders are seen as bearers of knowledge and culture, guiding younger generations.

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38
Q

True or False: A spiritual world is considered unimportant in the beliefs of many First Nations people.

A

False

The spiritual world plays a very important role in all that happens on Earth according to these beliefs.

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39
Q

Fill in the blank: People must live in harmony with each other and in balance with _______.

A

[nature]

This belief highlights the importance of maintaining ecological balance and community harmony.

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40
Q

What does it mean for First Nations peoples to be indigenous to North America?

A

They are the original people of this land.

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41
Q

What do First Nations peoples have that is unique to each group?

A

Unique beliefs about how the earth was created and how people came to exist.

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42
Q

How are the beliefs of First Nations peoples typically shared?

A

Passed from generation to generation through traditional teachings.

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43
Q

What do traditional teachings help to explain?

A

The relationships among the plants, animals, land, people, and the spirit world.

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44
Q

Fill in the blank: The Mikmaq people have a creation story about a man named _______.

A

KIuskap

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45
Q

Who are the Keepers of Knowledge in Aboriginal communities?

A

Elders

Elders are the most respected members of Aboriginal communities, passing down traditional teachings.

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46
Q

What is one method used by Elders to teach morals to youngsters?

A

Telling stories

Storytelling is a traditional method for imparting morals and lessons.

47
Q

What elements have Elders traditionally taught in their communities?

A
  • Language
  • Traditions
  • Ceremonies
  • Laws
  • Skills
  • Histories

These teachings are crucial for the upbringing of children.

48
Q

True or False: Elders have no significant influence on decision-making in their communities.

A

False

Elders use their experience and wisdom to help people make good decisions.

49
Q

Fill in the blank: Elders have used their experience and wisdom to help people in their communities make _______.

A

good decisions

50
Q

Why are Elders’ teachings considered important?

A

They are crucial for the upbringing of every child

Elders play a key role in shaping the moral and cultural fabric of the community.

51
Q

What does ethnocentric mean?

A

Judging other cultures according to European values and standards

52
Q

Who sailed from Spain across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492?

A

Christopher Columbus

53
Q

What did Columbus mistakenly think he had reached upon arriving in North America?

A

India

54
Q

What term did Columbus use to refer to the indigenous people he met?

A

Indians

55
Q

What was the impact of Columbus’s terminology upon returning to Europe?

A

The term ‘Indian’ was widely adopted, despite being incorrect

56
Q

True or False: The term ‘Indian’ is still used today by many to refer to indigenous peoples.

A

True

57
Q

What is a common sentiment about the term ‘Indian’ among indigenous peoples?

A

It does not respect their identity

58
Q

Fill in the blank: Europeans tended to be _______ when encountering other cultures.

A

ethnocentric

59
Q

What happened as more Europeans came to North America?

A

They renamed the First Nations peoples they met

60
Q

What is the name the Iroquois called themselves?

A

Haudenosaunee

The Haudenosaunee are a confederation of several Native American tribes in North America.

61
Q

What is the name the Cree called themselves?

A

Nehiyawak

The term Nehiyawak refers to the Cree people, an Indigenous group in Canada.

62
Q

What is the name the Huron called themselves?

A

Wendat

The Wendat are an Indigenous people originally from the region around the Great Lakes in North America.

63
Q

What is the term used for the indigenous peoples of North America and their descendants?

A

Aboriginal peoples

This term encompasses the original inhabitants of the region.

64
Q

How many groups of Aboriginal peoples are recognized by the Canadian government?

A

Three groups

The recognized groups are First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.

65
Q

Name one of the three groups of Aboriginal peoples recognized by the Canadian government.

A

First Nations

This group includes various indigenous tribes and communities.

66
Q

Fill in the blank: The second group of Aboriginal peoples recognized in Canada is _______.

A

Inuit

Inuit primarily inhabit the northern regions of Canada.

67
Q

Fill in the blank: The third group of Aboriginal peoples recognized in Canada is _______.

A

Métis

Métis are people of mixed indigenous and European ancestry.

68
Q

True or False: The Canadian government recognizes only one group of Aboriginal peoples.

A

False

The Canadian government recognizes three distinct groups.

69
Q

What term came into use in the 1970s in Canada to replace the words band and Indian?

A

First Nations

The term reflects a more respectful recognition of the original inhabitants of the land.

70
Q

Who are the original inhabitants of the land in Canada?

A

First Nations and Inuit

Both groups are recognized as the indigenous peoples of Canada.

71
Q

Who are the Inuit?

A

The original inhabitants of the coastal regions of the Canadian Arctic and Greenland

The Inuit consist of several different peoples.

72
Q

What does the term Métis mean?

A

Mixed blood

The term is derived from the French language.

73
Q

Who are the Métis descended from?

A

Descendants of First Nations women and European explorers and fur traders

More information about the Métis can be found in Chapter 8.

74
Q

Where did the Mi’kmaq people live?

A

Eastern Canada

The Mi’kmaq continue to live in this region.

75
Q

Who were the Mi’kmaq among the first to contact?

A

Explorers from Europe

This contact occurred hundreds of years ago.

76
Q

What aspects of the Mi’kmaq culture will be explored?

A

How they lived and the different roles played by members of society

This includes their social organization and cultural practices.

77
Q

How did the Mi’kmaq people organize their societies?

A

Various roles played by members of society

Specific roles and their significance will be discussed.

78
Q

What were the primary occupations of the Mi’kmaq?

A

Hunters, fishers, and gatherers.

79
Q

What was the social structure of the Mi’kmaq?

A

Small villages of extended families, called clans.

80
Q

How did the clan system benefit the Mi’kmaq?

A

It helped the people co-operate, live in harmony, and organize the sharing of resources.

81
Q

What did each clan have in terms of resources?

A

Specific territories where they could hunt and fish.

82
Q

What contributed to the long and healthy lives of the Mi’kmaq?

A

Bountiful food supply and active lifestyle.

83
Q

What was not unusual for the Mi’kmaq in terms of lifespan?

A

People reaching 100 years of age.

84
Q

Fill in the blank: The Mi’kmaq lived in small villages of extended families, called _______.

A

clans.

85
Q

True or False: The Mi’kmaq had a clan system that promoted cooperation.

A

True.

86
Q

What is government?

A

The way people organize themselves to choose their leaders and make decisions.

87
Q

What does the Mi’kmag government allow the people to do?

A

Live in harmony, work together, and get things done.

88
Q

True or False: All cultures have some form of government.

A

True

89
Q

Fill in the blank: The Mi’kmag government allowed the people to live in _______.

A

harmony

90
Q

List three functions of the Mi’kmag government.

A
  • Allowed people to live in harmony
  • Facilitated teamwork
  • Enabled decision-making
91
Q

What determined how First Nations chose their leaders?

A

The organization of their societies

92
Q

What is the local leader of a Mi’kmaq clan called?

A

Sagamaw

93
Q

What qualities did a sagamaw typically possess?

A

Good hunter and knowledge of searching for game

94
Q

How many districts was the land of the Mi’kmaq divided into?

A

Seven

95
Q

What governed each district in the Mi’kmaq territory?

A

A district leader and a council

96
Q

What powers did the district leaders and councils have?

A

Make war or peace, settle disputes, divide hunting and fishing territories

97
Q

What did the Mi’kmaq create to address problems affecting the entire nation?

A

Sante Mawiomi (Grand Council)

98
Q

The Grand Council was established to _______.

A

[solve problems affecting the entire Mi’kmaq Nation]

99
Q

What is the decision-making process used by Mi’kmaq leaders?

A

Decision making by consensus

This process involves listening to all opinions and reaching an agreement among council members.

100
Q

In Mi’kmaq society, how are leaders chosen?

A

For their ability to reach agreement among the people

Leaders facilitate discussions and help the community come to a consensus.

101
Q

What is the main characteristic of decision making by consensus?

A

All members must agree on what to do

This process ensures that everyone’s voice is heard before a decision is made.

102
Q

Fill in the blank: The consensus process is a way of addressing issues and solving _______.

A

problems

103
Q

What example is provided to illustrate the consensus decision-making process?

A

Deciding on a pizza topping with friends

The group discusses choices and persuades each other to reach a collective decision.

104
Q

True or False: In consensus decision making, a decision can be made even if some members disagree.

A

False

A decision cannot be settled until everyone is in agreement.

105
Q

What does the consensus decision-making process require from group members?

A

Compromise

Members must be willing to adjust their opinions for a collective agreement.

106
Q

What roles did women play in their communities?

A

Women were responsible for ensuring their families had all they needed to live a good life.

107
Q

Who raised the children in the communities?

A

Women raised the children.

108
Q

What was one of the roles of women in the Mi’kmaq community?

A

Women had an important role in weaving baskets.

109
Q

True or False: The leaders in the Mi’kmaq community were usually women.

A

False

110
Q

How did women participate in governance despite leaders being men?

A

Women voiced their concerns in all matters.

111
Q

What was the significance of female Elders in the community?

A

Their opinions were valued on small, local matters and major questions.

112
Q

Fill in the blank: Women collected and prepared _______.

A

food

113
Q

What essential activity did women undertake related to hunting?

A

Women hunted.

1. Elliot Social 7 50% (17 decks)

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