4. brainpower Flashcards
intro to intelligence
- has been reported to be one of the key predictors for various life outcomes such as longevity, health, academic success and work achievement.
- it has different definitions/connotations in different cultures. some value high intelligence greater than others.
just like personality has many components, intelligence does too, thats why its important to dive deeper and explore different parts of it.
what is the relationship between IQ and risk of death or ill health?
- longitudinal study done with veterans in australia showed positive correlation between IQ and decreased risk of death.
- intelligence influences health by enabling socioeconomic reseources whihc will in turn provide access to health.
defining intelligence
- main issue in osychologists how to define
- IMPLICIT THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE: beliefs and judgements based on how pppl look and speak
- EXPLICIT THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE: info usually from researchers, empirical.
implicit theories of intelligence
- include aspects such as heritability, gender differences, specific int. differences
- one theory concerns the nature of intelligence and is associated with int. being fixed or malleable
- INCREMEMNTAL THEORY: int. is malleable
ENTITY THEORY: int. is fixed.
study showed that ppl who thought it was malleable had better grades progression that ones who thot it was fixed implying that beliefs about nature of intelligence affect performance too. - implicit theories of intelligence can slo influence emotions and self regulation.
study of 481 taiwanese 8th graders showed that students who subscribed to the entity theory were more likely to report negative emotions and self-handicapping. incremental theory, positive emotions and self-regulation.
how do definitions of intelligence differ from culture to culture study (dasen 1984)
- wober and dasen study in uganda
uganda villagers = intelligence is slow
med students/western education = intelligence is quickness.
results: concept of int. associated with quickness was acquired thru schooling
cross- national study comparing german and US kids ideas about intelligence
- germans : smart kids dont gotta work too hard but stupid kids need to really out in work to do well
- americans: smart ppl are hard working (correlating int. with effort.
history of int. and models of int
- Francis Galton observations in the late 1800s that ppl differ from each other in many ways is often thought to be the beginning of the field called individual differences or differential psychology.
psychometric approaches to psychology
- the measurement of psychological functions and processes and it forms an approach that is used extensively in int. testing.
- Galton was interested in the individual differences in physical attributes and complex mental attributes.
he then measured the sensory threshold of individuals by measuring their ability to detect subtle changes in weight, testing visual accuracy. those who can detect that had higher mental ability (Guilford 1967) - MENTAL TEST by
psychometric approaches to psychology
MENTAL TEST by McKeen
introduced a ranking system to use when making judgements especially in situations where differences are very subtle.
psychometric approaches to psychology
Alfred Binet
- founder of int testing
- created Binet-Simon scale of intelligence. consisted of 30 tasks. the results would show the kids mental age.
psychometric approaches to psychology
intelligence quotient
- Wilhelm Stern.
IQ is calculated by dividing the mental age of a person by their chronological age and then multiplying by 100.
ex: kid is 9, mental age is 9, IQ 100
why does IQ not work well in adults
- the cog development of adults doesnt increase at the same rate as children over time.
ex: kid learn a lot from 5-7 years but am=n adult doesnt learn much from 35-37
General intelligence by Charles Spearman
- he used factor analysis as method to examine the interrelationships between intellectual tasks performance.
- FACTOR ANALYSIS is a stats method that sumarizes or reduces the complexities of a group of variables. aims to find the smallest number of factors that can account for the correlations between the many task scores.
- “g” mental energy possessed by each person.
- POSITIVE MANIFOLD: a persons scores on a range of intellectual tasks tended to be intercorrelated.
Deviation IQ/ David Wechsler criticism
- clinician influenced by binet and spearman made tyhe wechsler-bellevue int. sclae and then the wechsler adult intelligence test. kids to elderly could take the test
- he defined int. as the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his,her environment.
- Deviant IQ: actual test scores over expected scores for age times 100.
Multifactor theory of intelligence
- introduced by louis thurstone. he said instead of “g” being the most promonent factor of int. there were 7 more important factors he called primary mental abilities.
- verbal comprehension
- word fluency
- number
- space
- associate memory
- perceptual speed
- reasoning
crystalized intelligence (gc) and fluid intelligence (gf)
- gc factual knowledge that has been acquired from school and life. accumulates and increases over time. less affected by brain damage. can be measured by wechlers vocab subsets or raven’s Mill Hill vocab test.
- gf on other hand, includes ability to see relationships between ideas and objects. usually decreases as ppl get older.
J.P Guilford extension of Thurstone’s theory. multifactor theory of intelligence.
- proposed tehre are 120 elementary abilities that can be organized and described using 3 dimensions.
- OPERATIONS: type of mental processing, such as evaluation, convergent production, divergent prod and memory and cognition
- CONTENTS: materials being processed. visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic and behav materials.
- PRODUCTS: describes how information is stored or processed. including units, classes, relations, systems,
hierarchical theories
- so previously, we talked about multifactor theories. they focus on factors, number and content by which intelligence can be adequately described. hierarchical theories explore other ways if classifying theories such as examining the hierarchical organization of components within the theories.
- example of hierarchical theories of int. proposed by philip vernon.
hierarchical theory of intelligence according to vernon
- proposed that intelligence can be organized using a hierarchy with multiple levels at which various abilities can be described.
- vernon supported spearmans and thurstones primary mental abilities with g at the apex of the hierarchy and spearmans specific factors
lowest most basic level, four levels
John Carroll also proposed a hierarchical model of int
Three stratum model of cognitive ability.
Howard Gardner view on intelligence
instead of focusing on concept of IQ and unitary view of int that an individual is only assessed using a single intellectual dimension, he thought that thid concept should be challenged
- proposed the multiple intelligence theory
- similar to thurstone
triarchic theory of intelligence by robert sternberg
- thought that there was a lot of attention into given to conventional notions of intelligence proposed that the attention should also be given to the adaptive ability individuals have
- TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
- analytical
- creative
- practical intelligence
cognitive- experiential approaches to intelligence
maybe mention before talking about intelligence tests
intelligence tests
- stanford-binet test
- wechler scales
- Raven’s progressive matrices
modern intelligence tests:
- sternberg triarchic abilities test
- Cog
positive relationship between variables
if one increases the other increases, if one decreases the other decreases
negative relationship between variables
variables change in opposite directions
y goes up x goes down
correlation coefficient
numerical value r which describes the strength of relationship between 2 variables
6 components of intelligence
abstract reasoning problem solving ability capacity to acquire knowledge memory adaptation to env mental speed
implicit theory of intelligence entity theory
intelligence is viewed as fixed mental construct
incremental theory
intelligene is malleable
implicit theories vs explicit theories of intelligence
implicit is judgent based on non expert
explicit is research based like iq tests and such
IQ
mental age divided by chronological age times 100
spearman “g”
all mental energy of a person
positive manifold
ppl who score high on a one intellectual task tend to do well on other tasks too
sternberg triarchic theory of intelligence
- analytical
- creative
- practical
flynn effect
massive IQ increase in a population over the years
