2. external forces

Question 1

classical conditioning 
(conditioned-response learning)

Answer 1

• when a neutral stimulus (ex: a bell) becomes conditioned by being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
• Ivan Pavlov

Question 2

how classical conditioning works

• reflex/unconditioned response
• unconditioned stimuli
• conditioned response
• conditioned stimuli
  mischel p.255

(review)

Answer 2

• reflex/unconditioned response: when dog salivates when theres food in his mouth. natural, does not have to be learned
• unconditioned stimuli: food. things that ppl can react to without having to learn to react a type of way to it.
• conditioned response: salivating at an empty dish that still will be filled.
• conditioned stimuli: a previously neutral stimulus the stimulus that elicits a conditioned response

Question 3

higher-order conditioning

Answer 3

• a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating)
• its like tripple conditioning lmao

Question 4

Watson & Rayner (1920)

lil albert experiment

Answer 4

lil albert was a toddler. every time he would reach for the rat, a loud noise would be made and he would be frightened.
- his fear would be later generalized to all white fluffy lookin stuff

Question 5

from trauma to anxiety

Answer 5

• after the actual dangers have passed, stimuli that remind the individual of the bad experience, can lead them to react with anxiety and and distort perceptions

Question 6

Operant conditioning or instrumental learning

skinners contributions

Answer 6

• provides another foundation for understanding the role of experiences and learning from the development of personality
• how OC works: behavior is modified by its consequence
• the outcome of responses (operants)
• an association is made between action and consequence (reward or punishment)

Question 7

*rejection to inferred motives
(mischel readings)
what are motived and how do they work

Answer 7

ask group

Question 8

generalization

Answer 8

if a response pattern is uniformly rewarded in many conditions or situations, generalization happens
- ex: child is likely to develop generalized aggressive patterns if they’re allowed or encouraged to act that way towards their parents, teachers, siblings

Question 9

discrimination

Answer 9

when you act differently in different situations because you have formed a discrimination

Question 10

time base interval

Answer 10

• parents say dont throw tantrums

- every hour that the kid doesnt throw a tantrum, they get a reward.

Question 11

*response base interval

Answer 11

when u have 5 good grades and u get a reinforcement no matter the time.
so

Question 12

*social reinforcement

Answer 12

refers to reinforcers such as smiles, acceptance, praise, acclaim, and attention from other people. In some cases, simply being in the presence of other people can serve as a natural social reinforcement.

Question 13

*criticism on behaviourism

Answer 13

ask group

Question 14

*modeling-based therapy for skill deficits

carver

Answer 14

ask group

Question 15

*maladaptive response

Answer 15

it is not merely bad behavior, but behavior that does not help or actively hinders you from growing, changing, and navigating the world around you.

• healthy kid: asks mom why he needs to go to school? ask if he can stay home and such
• maladaptive kid: throws massive tantrum

Question 16

contingency management program

Answer 16

Contingency management refers to a type of behavioural therapy in which individuals are ‘reinforced’, or rewarded, for evidence of positive behavioural change. These interventions have been widely tested and evaluated in the context of substance misuse treatment, and they most often involve provision of monetary-based reinforcers for submission of drug-negative urine specimens. The reinforcers typically consist of vouchers exchangeable for retail goods and services or the opportunity to win prizes.

Question 17

*how would behaviorist handle superstitious behavior

Answer 17

• accidental response between stimulus
• they just view it as “coincidence”
• limitation: behaviorism oversimplifies behavior
  proven on animals not ppl

Question 18

Therapeutic changes in efficacy expectancy

Answer 18

fsd

Question 19

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 19

something that causes you to have a reflex reaction

Question 20

unconditioned response

Answer 20

when you have a reaction to a stimulus naturally by reflex

- e.g salivating when you see your food coming

Question 21

conditioned stimulus

Answer 21

a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Question 22

conditioned response

Answer 22

the conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. … The previously neutral stimulus will then evoke the response all on its own. At this point, the response becomes known as the conditioned response.

Question 23

extinction

Answer 23

In classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is presented alone without an unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will eventually cease.
- For example, in Pavlov’s classic experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. When the bell was repeatedly presented without the presentation of food, the salivation response eventually became extinct.

Question 24

inhibition or are we studying cognitive inhibition?

Answer 24

refers to a mental state in which there is a hesitation or blockage of action.

cog inhibition is tuning out info that is not relevant at the moment

Question 25

law of effect (thorndike)

Answer 25

response followed by reward: gets strengthened

response followed by punishment: gets weakened

Question 26

negative reinforcement

Answer 26

• people are motivated to do a certain action more in order to avoid a bad feeling
• Bob does the dishes (behavior) in order to stop his mother’s nagging (aversive stimulus).
• Natalie can get up from the dinner table (aversive stimulus) when she eats 2 bites of her broccoli (behavior).

Question 27

difference between positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 27

With both positive and negative reinforcement, the goal is to increase the behavior. The difference is that with negative reinforcement, the behavior results in taking something unpleasant away. With positive reinforcement, the behavior results in earning or attaining something desirable.

Question 28

difference between negative reinforcement and punishment

Answer 28

The key area where these two methods differ is in the end result. With reinforcement, adding or taking away something is meant to increase the behavior. With punishment, adding or taking away something is meant to decrease or weaken the behavior.

Question 29

shaping

Answer 29

• when youre trying to condition someone to a behavior and you go in chunks so you give small rewards as they learn small things step by step