4-5 Quiz Flashcards
a writer’s way of writing, a manner by which he expresses his thoughts and feelings in language
Style
Effective writing always involves the ________, the _________, and ____________.
choice of words and expressions
arrangements of words within sentences
variety in the patterns of the sentence
Sentences which basically __________ may seem very different, and much of the difference is usually due to ________.
express the same idea
style
As you draft and edit, it is helpful to __________ to present sentences and paragraphs.
keep in mind the effective ways
When you revise your drafts, ___________.
check the language & remove any area of possible confusion
key principle in writing so that your sentences are easy to understand
Keep the Main Idea on Top
Place the sentence’s __________. The subject makes the rest of the sentence ________.
main idea, the subject, first
accesible
normal word order in English
subject-verb-object
emphasizes performer of the function and not the receiver
Active Voice
When the subject acts, the verb is in the _______.
Active Voice
When the subject is acted upon, the verb is in the ________.
passive voice
Repeat key words for emphasis so that the ________.
reader has better recall
Generally, __________ are more effective than _________.
concise expressions
verbosity
Eliminate __________ etc. to make the writing __________.
all repetitions, subordinate clauses
compact & pointed
words that say the same content
Redundancies
_______ achieved by saying anything only once.
Conciseness
The ‘tone’ can communicate as much as the _________.
content of the message
implies that the writer is in command
forceful tone
when the reader has more power than the writer
passive tone
implies that reader and writer are equal
personal tone
employed when the writer is not important and the situation is neutral
impersonal tone
A sure way to involve your audience is to sprinkle __________ throughout your text.
positive words and positive verbs
Positive words and verbs _________ the benefits of your subject matter.
convince the reader
Tuning to the audience is the key for ________ of your document with the reader.
effectiveness
Remember the following points:
○ Not all your readers will understand acronyms and abbreviations
○ Readers need glossaries
○ Provide extended definitions for technical terms
○ As multiple audiences have different levels of technical knowledge, choose carefully the amount of technical content in your document
○ Show your reader how he or she will benefit from your document
Passive Voice is useful when the writer __________ in the sentence
does not know or does not want to name the doer
Active Voice should always be preferred than the passive voice because the _________, __________, and the ____________.
verbs are stronger
sentences are shorter
reader gets the meaning at once
It is important for the writer to consider that the ____________ is ___________. Technical writing emphasizes objective reporting with no _________. To achieve this, the writer must have _________, __________, and ___________.
goal of effective technical writing
to make information flow easily and clearly
room for different interpretations
a proper choice of words
good sentence structure
clear paragraph organization
__________ is presented in a ___________, in a __________ by the use of third-person pronouns and with strict observation of the conventions of standard English.
Accurate information
clear and concise manner
neutral, serious, and formal tone
a way of giving or explaining the meaning of an abstract term or a concept
Definition
Definition is a way of ___________ the meaning of an _____________.
giving or explaining
abstract term or a concept
Definition comes from the Latin words?
finire (to limit) & de (from)
Why do we define words?
● It gives the reader a clearer and easier understanding of the concept or idea enough to encourage him to read continuously until the end of the text
● It explains ideas or concepts behind various innovations, methods, and techniques in the field of technology
● It lessens the gap between technological experts or “high-tech” people and the “low-tech” people. It frees a person from any confusing, wrong understanding of a term
● It helps a company member do his job more efficiently towards a certain goal
● It makes any technical written work readable to all kinds of audience or readers
commonly used in technical writing whether formally or non-formally
Simple Definition
Basically, the informal definition is a substitution of a ________ to the unfamiliar or technical term used.
familiar term or phrase
Informal definition is an ________, ___________, and it ________.
incomplete definition
has a brief and particularly adapted for use in the text
lacks emphasis
The only objective of informal definition is _______.
to give meaning to a word that is unfamiliar or explain the special meaning of a familiar word
Appearing in the text in the form of a __________, this informal definition is _________ from other words in the sentence through a __________.
synonym, a phrase or a clause
distinguished or separated
dash, a colon, a comma, parentheses, italics, or bold
The other names given to formal definition are:
Aristotelian and one-sentence logical definition
Defining a term in a formal manner requires you to: first, mention the _______ to be defined; second, name the ________, group or class where such term belongs; and third, give the _________ to indicate its difference from other members belonging to the class.
term or species
genus
differentia
Extended definition goes beyond the _________.
sentential level
Extended definition expands into a _________ using around three (3) to ten (10) sentences
paragraph-length definition
Extended definition provides more information besides talking about the ________ and the _________
category
use or function
Extended definition provides information on ___________ and its ___________
what it is made up of, its structure, its peculiar physical and chemical properties, when, where, and by whom it is used
merits and drawbacks
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: The word “robot” comes from the Czech word “robota,” which means “forced labor” or “drudgery.” It was first introduced by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), where it referred to artificial, human-like beings created to work for humans. The term gained international recognition and has since evolved to describe autonomous machines or mechanical entities.
Etymology/Word Derivation
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: The word “tsunami” comes from the Japanese language, where “tsu” means “harbor” and “nami” means “wave.” It was first introduced by Japan, a country frequently impacted by these large sea waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. The term has been widely adopted in many languages around the world to describe these destructive natural events.
Etymology/Word Derivation
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: The term “democracy” originates from ancient Greece, derived from the Greek words “demos” (people) and “kratos” (power or rule), meaning “rule by the people.” The concept first took shape in the city-state of Athens around the 5th century BCE, where citizens participated directly in decision-making. Key historical figures such as Cleisthenes, often called the “Father of Athenian Democracy,” and Pericles, an influential statesman, played significant roles in its establishment. Over centuries, democracy evolved, influencing political systems worldwide, particularly during the Enlightenment and the rise of modern nation-states in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Historical Definition
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: The term “Renaissance” comes from the French word meaning “rebirth.” It refers to a period of cultural, artistic, and intellectual revival that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread across Europe through the 17th century. Key places like Florence and Rome became centers of artistic and scholarly activity. Influential figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Niccolò Machiavelli played central roles in the Renaissance’s flourishing. This period marked a shift from the Middle Ages to modernity, characterized by a renewed interest in the classical knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome.
Historical Definition
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: Atheism is the lack of belief in the existence of any deities. It is not a religion, nor does it affirm the existence of supernatural beings, gods, or divine forces. Unlike theism, which asserts belief in a god or gods, atheism specifically rejects or does not accept such beliefs.
Negation/Elimination
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: A vacuum is a space entirely devoid of matter, including air. It is not a region filled with any particles, gases, or substances. In physics, a vacuum is defined as a space with no matter and very low pressure, differing from spaces where air or material exists.
Negation/Elimination
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. It involves the absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts, using that energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process is fundamental to the survival of plant life and serves as the foundation of the food chain.
Operating Principles
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: Centrifugation is a laboratory technique used to separate components of a mixture based on their density. The process involves spinning a sample at high speeds in a centrifuge, causing denser substances to move outward to the bottom of the container, while lighter substances remain at the top. This principle is widely used in various fields, including biology, chemistry, and medicine, for tasks such as separating blood components or purifying proteins.
Operating Principles
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem, encompassing different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. It is similar to the concept of ecosystems, which focus on the interactions between living organisms and their environment. However, while biodiversity emphasizes the variety and richness of species, ecosystems concentrate on the relationships and processes within these communities, highlighting the difference between the quantity of life forms and the dynamics of their interactions.
Compare & Contrast
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: Solar energy is derived from capturing sunlight through photovoltaic cells or solar thermal systems to generate electricity or heat. It is similar to wind energy in that both are renewable sources aimed at reducing reliance on fossil fuels. However, solar energy is most effective in sunny regions, whereas wind energy relies on geographical wind patterns, highlighting their distinct operational requirements and advantages.
Compare & Contrast
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things by stating that one is the other, thereby highlighting similarities. For example, saying “time is a thief” suggests that time, like a thief, can take away moments from our lives without us realizing it. This use of metaphor helps convey complex ideas in a relatable way.
Use of Examples
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment. For instance, a coral reef ecosystem includes various species of fish, coral, and marine plants, all of which rely on each other for survival. This example illustrates how different species coexist, interact, and depend on one another, highlighting the interconnectedness of life within that specific environment.
Use of Examples
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. In a laboratory experiment, for example, adding a catalyst like platinum to a hydrogen peroxide solution can significantly speed up its decomposition into water and oxygen. This function is essential in both industrial processes, such as the production of chemicals, and in biological systems, where enzymes act as natural catalysts to facilitate metabolic reactions.
Operational Definition
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: Project management software is a tool used to plan, execute, and monitor projects effectively. Its indispensable function includes organizing tasks, allocating resources, tracking progress, and facilitating communication among team members. For instance, using software like Trello or Asana allows a project manager to create task boards, assign deadlines, and ensure that all team members are aware of their responsibilities, thus enhancing overall productivity and collaboration in a project.
Operational Definition
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: A bicycle is a two-wheeled vehicle that is powered by pedaling. It typically has a lightweight frame made of materials such as aluminum or carbon fiber, which contributes to its durability and performance. The wheels are usually fitted with rubber tires that provide traction and stability on various surfaces. Bicycles often feature handlebars for steering, a comfortable seat for the rider, and a chain-driven system that connects the pedals to the rear wheel, allowing for movement. Additional components can include gears for different speeds, brakes for safety, and a bell or horn for signaling.
Description
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: An apple is a round fruit that typically measures about three to four inches in diameter. It has a smooth skin that can vary in color, ranging from bright red to green or yellow, depending on the variety. The flesh inside is crisp and juicy, often white or cream-colored, and has a sweet or slightly tart flavor. Apples have a core in the center containing small brown seeds. They grow on deciduous trees that can reach heights of up to 30 feet and are commonly harvested in the fall. Apples are often eaten fresh, cooked in desserts, or used to make juice and cider.
Description
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: Holidays can be classified into several categories, including national holidays, religious holidays, and cultural holidays. National holidays, such as Independence Day in the United States or Bastille Day in France, are designated by governments to celebrate significant historical events. Religious holidays, like Christmas and Ramadan, are observed by specific faiths and often include unique rituals and traditions. Cultural holidays, such as Mardi Gras or the Lunar New Year, celebrate specific cultural practices and heritage. Discussing these categories separately allows for a deeper understanding of the significance and customs associated with each type of holiday.
Partition
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: Books can be categorized into various genres, including fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and graphic novels. Fiction encompasses imaginative works such as novels and short stories that explore themes and characters created by the author. Non-fiction includes factual writings like biographies, memoirs, and self-help books that inform or educate readers about real events and ideas. Poetry uses rhythmic and often metaphorical language to express emotions and thoughts, while graphic novels combine illustrations and text to tell a story. Examining these genres individually helps clarify the different styles and purposes of each type of book.
Partition
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: An aneroid barometer is an instrument that depends on the changing volume of a container (________) to indicate atmospheric pressure (_________). It consists of an airtight box of thin flexible metal from which the air has been partially evacuated (________). One side of the evacuated box is attached to a spring (________). When atmospheric pressure increases, the box tends to collapse (_________). When atmospheric pressure decreases, the size of the box spring outward (___________). This slight movement is magnified by a series of levers connected to an indicator, which shows the atmospheric pressure (__________).
Operating Principles
Operational Definition
Description
Description
Operating Principles
Operating Principles
Operational Definition
Identify what way of Extending, Expanding, or Amplifying a definition of a term is this: A variation of the aneroid barometer called the Bourdon gauge (________) was invented by Eugene Bourdon, a French engineer. A flattened tube of metal is evacuated and bent into a circle (________). The tube tends to close up with greater pressure and open out with lesser pressure (__________). This movement is transmitted into the dial as in the aneroid instrument (_________). The Bourdon gauge is most suitable for measuring high pressure (___________).
Concrete Example
Operating Principles
Operational Definition
Operating Principles
Operational Definition
