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Anthropology 311 > #4 > Flashcards

#4 Flashcards

1
Q

Are all NWM arboreal?

A

Yes

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2
Q

OWM distribution

A

Africa and Asia

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3
Q

what is social attraction?

A

individuals seeking out proximity to each other outside of environmental stimuli

(more than a response to predation, to localized food resources)

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4
Q

What are some examples of social mammals?

A

Social carnivores, social canids, Pachyderms

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5
Q

Social Mammal: Lions

A
  • females have complex social relationships
  • no dominance hierarchy
  • strong between-group competition
  • Cooperative hunting, raising of young and defense against male infanticide
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6
Q

Social mammals: Spotted Hyenas

A
  • social life similar to cercopithecines
  • extensive coalitions between females (allies that they can rely on when in conflict)
  • Despotic (strict) hierarchy among females
  • strong dominance hierarchy (top ranking has highest reproductive success)
  • between-group conflict (explains extensive coalition between females)
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7
Q

Social Mammals: African Wild Dogs

A
  • tightly bound social group led by dominant male and female
  • communal pup raising and feeding (everyone plays a part in raising it)
  • tight social bonds associated with spreading of diseases and decline of wild dog numbers
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8
Q

Social Mammal: African Elephants

A
  • female philopatric (females stay together for life)
  • males live alone or in loose association
  • matrilineal
  • oldest female (highest rank, lead group)
  • age matriarch is directly correlated with reproductive success
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9
Q

what characteristics are unique to primates?

A
  • differentiated within-group relationships (hierarchy)
  • marked social boundaries
  • kin-based social relationships (nepotism)
  • use of allies and coalitions in some species
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10
Q

What are 2 Key costs of group living?

A
  1. Intra-group competition (within the group)

2. Increased vulnerability to infectious diseases

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11
Q

What are benefits to group living?

A
  1. Resource Defence Hypothesis
    - being in a group improves access to resources
    - Large VS small group advantage (larger the group size the more encounters you win)
  2. Predation Defence Hypothesis
    -better protection from predators
    (A) Collective detection (more eyes and ears to detect)
    (B) Dilution effects (each individual has a less of a chance of being caught)
    (C) Deterrence
  3. Mates are readily available
  4. More eyes looking for food
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12
Q

What is Resource Defence Hypothesis?

A
  • Benefit to group living
  • being in a group improves access to resources
  • large VS small group advantage (larger the group size the more encounters you win)
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13
Q

What is Predation Defence Hypothesis?

A
  • Benefit to group living
    -better protection from predators
    (A) Collective detection (more eyes and ears to detect)
    (B) Dilution effects (each individual has a less of a chance of being caught)
    (C) Deterrence
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14
Q

Resource Defence

A

large groups usually have better access to food patches

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15
Q

Predation Defence

A

terrestrial primates tend to live in larger groups than arboreal ones
-some primate species adjust group size to the risk of predation

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16
Q

What is male-biased Dispersal?

A

When the male leaves his natal group

17
Q

What is Female-biased dispersal?

A

when the female leaves her natal group

18
Q

Male-biased Dispersal

A
  • males leave natal group
  • females philopatric / remain in natal group
  • SOCIAL STRUCTURE: matrilineal (female-bonded)
19
Q

Female-biased dispersal

A
  • female leaves natal group
  • males philopatric / remain in natal group
  • SOCIAL STRUCTURE: patrilineal, (non-female bonded)
20
Q

Both sexes dispersal

A
  • both sexes can leave the natal group
  • neither sex is a resident in the natal group
  • SOCIAL STRUCTURE: neither sex is bonded, (non-female bonded)
21
Q

what types of interactions show predominant/important relationships between primats?

A

Affiliation (grooming; sitting in proximity)

Agnostic Support (you help an ally in conflict, they help you)

Minimal Aggression (tolerance of proximity when feeding)

22
Q

What are Sociographs?

A

-used to show the direction and intensity of a social relationship

23
Q

What is a social system?

A

-the individuals that mate within a social system

24
Q

Social Organization

A
  • Cohesive
  • Fission-fusion
  • Multi-level societies
25
Q

at is fission-fusion?

A

fission –> animals separate to feed

fusion –> animals come back together to sleep

26
Q

Social System (Unit)

A
  • solitary
  • pair-bonded –> living together
  • uni-female, multi-male
  • uni-male, multi-female OR multi-male multi-female
27
Q

Social Structure

A
  • patrilineal, non-female bonded
  • matrilineal, female-bonded
  • non-female bonded, neither sex bonded (unrelated)
28
Q

Mating System (Unit)

A

Monogamous –> one male, one female
Polygamous –> multi-male, multi-female
Polyandrous –> uni-female, multi-male
Polygynous –> one-male, multi-female

29
Q

Social System : Solitary

A

Social Structure: neither sex bonded; related females are overlapping ranges; adult male territory overlaps with one or more adult females

Mating System: Polygyny (Dispersed)

EXAMPLE: Orangutan

30
Q

Social System: Pair-Bonded

A

Social Structure: neither sex bonded (both dispersed / do not live together)

Mating System: Monogamous (~25%); extra-group copulations (polygamous mating)

31
Q

Social System: Uni-female, Multi-male

A

Social Structure: (2 Scenarios)

  1. neither sex bonded (both sexes disperse)
  2. female-bonded

Mating System: (2 Scenarios)

  1. POLYANDRY (one female, multiple males)
  2. COOPERATIVE POLYANDRY (closely related females, one reproduces and the others female help raise the offspring)
32
Q

Why don’t subordinate females leave in cooperative polyandry?

A
  1. Dispersal costs are HIGH
    - predation, lack of territory, unfamiliar food sources
  2. Inclusive fitness:
    - helpers are related to the dominant female (by helping they improve their RS)
33
Q

Male Callitrichids

A

-high paternal investment and care

34
Q

Social System: Uni-male, Multi-female

A

Social Structure: neither sex or female bonded

Mating Structure: Polygynous (males monopolize access to females and mate with many females); females mate with one male

-intense sexual dimorphism

35
Q

Social system: Multi-Male, Multi-Female

A

Social Structure: female-bonded OR non-female bonded (neither sex bonded)

Mating System: Polygamous (both sexes mate with 2 or more partners)

EXAMPLE: Chimps, Savanna Baboons

36
Q

Cohesive Groups:

A
  • Stay together all the time

- maintain visual and vocal contact with each other

37
Q

Fission-Fusion Groups

A
  • Fluid structure
  • Animals feed in parties of differing composition or alone
  • Groups often fusions to sleep (they sleep together)
38
Q

Multi-Level Societies

A
  • most complex type of social organization
  • 3 levels of organization
    1. Basic Unit: Uni-male, Multi-female
    2. The Band: 2-4 units that eat and sleep together
    3. The Herd: Several bands make up a herd – a temporary aggregation at a sleeping site or large foraging areas (can # in the hundreds)

Anthropology 311 (9 decks)

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