#4 Flashcards
Are all NWM arboreal?
Yes
OWM distribution
Africa and Asia
what is social attraction?
individuals seeking out proximity to each other outside of environmental stimuli
(more than a response to predation, to localized food resources)
What are some examples of social mammals?
Social carnivores, social canids, Pachyderms
Social Mammal: Lions
- females have complex social relationships
- no dominance hierarchy
- strong between-group competition
- Cooperative hunting, raising of young and defense against male infanticide
Social mammals: Spotted Hyenas
- social life similar to cercopithecines
- extensive coalitions between females (allies that they can rely on when in conflict)
- Despotic (strict) hierarchy among females
- strong dominance hierarchy (top ranking has highest reproductive success)
- between-group conflict (explains extensive coalition between females)
Social Mammals: African Wild Dogs
- tightly bound social group led by dominant male and female
- communal pup raising and feeding (everyone plays a part in raising it)
- tight social bonds associated with spreading of diseases and decline of wild dog numbers
Social Mammal: African Elephants
- female philopatric (females stay together for life)
- males live alone or in loose association
- matrilineal
- oldest female (highest rank, lead group)
- age matriarch is directly correlated with reproductive success
what characteristics are unique to primates?
- differentiated within-group relationships (hierarchy)
- marked social boundaries
- kin-based social relationships (nepotism)
- use of allies and coalitions in some species
What are 2 Key costs of group living?
- Intra-group competition (within the group)
2. Increased vulnerability to infectious diseases
What are benefits to group living?
- Resource Defence Hypothesis
- being in a group improves access to resources
- Large VS small group advantage (larger the group size the more encounters you win) - Predation Defence Hypothesis
-better protection from predators
(A) Collective detection (more eyes and ears to detect)
(B) Dilution effects (each individual has a less of a chance of being caught)
(C) Deterrence - Mates are readily available
- More eyes looking for food
What is Resource Defence Hypothesis?
- Benefit to group living
- being in a group improves access to resources
- large VS small group advantage (larger the group size the more encounters you win)
What is Predation Defence Hypothesis?
- Benefit to group living
-better protection from predators
(A) Collective detection (more eyes and ears to detect)
(B) Dilution effects (each individual has a less of a chance of being caught)
(C) Deterrence
Resource Defence
large groups usually have better access to food patches
Predation Defence
terrestrial primates tend to live in larger groups than arboreal ones
-some primate species adjust group size to the risk of predation