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Question 1

Primatology

Answer 1

Study of NHP

Question 2

2 Main groups of Primatology

Answer 2

1. STREPSIRRHINES (lemurs, lorises, galagos)

2. HAPLORHINES (tarsiers, OWM, NWM, lesser & greater apes, Humans)

Question 3

4 Main complexes of Primate Pattern

Answer 3

1. Grasping hands + feet
2. Visual System
3. Large Complex Brains and Associated Behaviour
4. Skeletal and Dental Features

Question 4

True or False:

Primates possess a combination of primitive AND derived traits

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

2 main reasons to studying primates in anthro?

Answer 5

1. Humans are social animals

2. Our close evolutionary and genetic relationship to primates

Question 6

How close are humans to NonHuman Primates (NHP)?

Answer 6

• we shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos about 4-7mya
• Share over ~98% of our genetic material with chimpanzees, bonobos (only ~1% different from humans)

Question 7

What are 3 possible shared traits between humans and great apes?

Answer 7

A) Language and Cognition
B) Capacity to Transform ones environment
C) Transmission of knowledge and the emergences of cultural traditions

Question 8

Derived Traits

Answer 8

things that make humans different

-i.e. habitual bipedalism in humans

Question 9

Homoplasy

Answer 9

A trait found in 2 or more species that has evolved independently in each

Parallel or Convergent Evolution

Question 10

How do Homoplasies arise?

Answer 10

Parallel Evolution

Convergent Evolution

Question 11

Parallel Evolution

Answer 11

• How homoplasy arises
• two closely related species (diverged from a common ancestor) that didn’t exhibit the trait, may end up having the trait because they face similar ecological divergence

Question 12

Convergent Evolution

Answer 12

• How homoplasy arises

- two distant related species converge on a similar solution to the same ecological pressures

Question 13

What is used to establish phylogenetic relationships

Answer 13

Homologous traits

Question 14

What kind of trait is Knuckle-walking in chimps and gorillas?

Answer 14

Homologous Trait

Question 15

Derived Trait

Answer 15

what makes us uniquely human VS. what traits we share with our primate relatives
(i.e. habitual bipedalism)

Question 16

Proximate VS Ultimate

Answer 16

PROXIMATE –> Asking what are the underlying neural, chemical, physiological or immediate causes for a particular behaviour

ULTIMATE –> (Ultimate/evolutionary/functional) functional approaches address the question of why primates have been selected to behave as they do under particular conditions

Question 17

NHP Model

Answer 17

used to predict early human behavior

Question 18

Referential Model

Answer 18

the use of a particular species for drawing analogies with others

-the use of chimps because they are genetically close to humans

Question 19

Strategic Model

Answer 19

emphasize the evolutionary and ecological processes that affect behaviour

Question 20

Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 20

morphological differences between males and females

Question 21

what does it mean if early humans were sexually dimorphic?

Answer 21

suggests that if a species of early humans was markedly sexually dimorphic it is likely males were involved in aggressive conflicts