#2

Question 1

What is Overall Primate Pattern?

Answer 1

general tendencies expressed by all primates

Question 2

Derived Traits

Answer 2

specialized traits that are not shared with last common ancestor

example: Derived traits in humans: Bipedalism

Question 3

Primitive Traits

Answer 3

more closely resembling the LCA of the group; ancestral trait;

-the trait has been around longer
EXAMPLE: knuckle-walking in gorillas and chimps

Question 4

What do primitive traits not mean?

Answer 4

Less Successful / Less Evolved

Question 5

What are the 4 complexes that make up the primate pattern?

Answer 5

1. Grasping Hands + Feet
2. Vision and Olfaction
3. Large Complex Brains
4. Generalized skeleton and dentition in primates

Question 6

Grasping Hands + Feet

Answer 6

• 1 out of 4 complexes that makes up the primate pattern
• opposable thumbs not present in all primates
• pentadactyly –> homology shared by species that acquired it by descent from a common ancestor
• nails/claws - most primates have nails than claws

Question 7

Vision

Answer 7

• 1 out of 4 complexes that makes up the primate pattern
• forward facing eyes
• found on predatory animals
• great reliance on vision (compared to other senses)
• stereoscopic vision (3D, depth, perception)
• reduction of snout
• reduction of olfactory centres of the brain
• reduced reliance on olfaction

Question 8

Olfaction

Answer 8

• 1 out of 4 complexes that makes up the primate pattern
• reliance on other senses (other than vision)
• a snout that sticks out more
• EXAMPLE: chimps and lemurs

Question 9

Large Complex Brains

Answer 9

• 1 out of 4 complexes that makes up the primate pattern
• large brains relative to body size (compared to other mammals)
• allometric relationship between body and brain size

Question 10

What type of relationship is present between brain and body size?

Answer 10

Allometric Relationship

Question 11

What is Allometry

Answer 11

when two variables increase or decrease at different rates

Question 12

What is Isometric

Answer 12

if 2 variables increased or decreased in direct proportion to one another in this relationship

Question 13

What is an allometric relationship with our brain and body size?

Answer 13

• Our brains are larger than what our bodies would predict
• brains in primates have gotten so much bigger
• brain size does not co-vary in direct proportion with body size

Question 14

Ecological Intelligence Hypothesis

Answer 14

-ecological selection pressures may have influenced the brain size/body ratio

EXAMPLE: testing two different species but in the same habitat

HOWLER VS SPIDER MONKEY

Question 15

Explain Howler Monkey VS Spider Monkey

Answer 15

• testing two different species that live in the same habitat
• howler monkey: Folivorous, uniform food sources; small brain-to-body weight ratio

-Spider Monkey: Frugivorous, patchy food sources; Large brain-to-body weight ratio

Question 16

Why do primates have such a large neocortex?

Answer 16

• responsible for cognitive abilities (reasoning and consciousness)
• in primates neocortex makes up 50-80% of the brains total volume

Question 17

Social Brain Hypothesis

Answer 17

-group size may have influenced “neocortex ratio”

Group size – in particular grooming clique size

Question 18

Neocortex ratio

Answer 18

size of the neocortex relative to the rest of the brain

Question 19

What is the importance of the of the relationship between group size and neocortex size?

Answer 19

the hypothesis implies that constraints on a group size arise from the information processing capacity of the primate brain

Question 20

what mediates the relationship between group size and neocortex size?

Answer 20

• ability to recognize other group members
• ability to remember who has a relationship with whom
• ability to manipulate information about a set of relationships

Question 21

Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis

Answer 21

-neocortex size strongly predicts the degree to which primates engage in tactical deception

Question 22

Tactical Deception

Answer 22

• acts that appear to deliberately mislead other individuals

- refers to the idea that others are socially manipulated in a way that benefits the user

Question 23

Generalized Skeleton and Dentition in Primates

Answer 23

• 1 out of 4 complexes of primate patterns

- unspecialized skeleton (particularity in limb structure)

Question 24

What are the 4 types of teeth arranged from midline to the back of the mouth?

Answer 24

Incisors.Canine.Premolars.Molars

ICPM

Question 25

what types of teeth do most primates have?

Answer 25

Unspecialized

Question 26

what is the order of teeth in a childs lower jaw?

Answer 26

Incisor –> incisor –> Canine –> Molar –> Molar

Question 27

What is the order of teeth in a adults lower jaw?

Answer 27

Incisor –> Incisor –> Canine –> Premolar –> Premolar –> Molar –> Molar –> Molar

Question 28

What is dental formula?

Answer 28

The number of each tooth type

Incisors.Canine.Premolars.Molars

per quarter of the jaw

Question 29

what is the dental formula for ancestral mammal?

Answer 29

3.1.4.3 = 11 (44)

Question 30

What is the dental formula for Stresirrhines (most) & NWM?

Answer 30

2.1.3.3. = 9 (36)

Question 31

What is the dental formula for OWM, Apes, & Humans?

Answer 31

2.1.2.3 = 8 (32)