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Micro RNA > 3.Measles > Flashcards

3.Measles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of measles?

A

Paramyxovirus (HA-only morphology).

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2
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

Highly contagious via respiratory droplets or airborne spread.

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3
Q

What is the target cell for measles virus?

A

Epithelial cells of the respiratory tract.

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4
Q

What are the phases of measles infection?

A

Incubation, Prodromal, Exanthem, and Recovery phases.

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5
Q

What are the symptoms in the prodromal phase of measles?

A

Fever, Cough, Coryza, and Conjunctivitis (4 Cs).

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6
Q

What is the diagnostic feature seen in the oral cavity during measles?

A

Koplik’s spots—white lesions with red halos inside the cheeks.

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7
Q

What type of rash is characteristic of measles, and how does it spread?

A

Maculopapular rash spreading from the head to the body.

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8
Q

What is the mechanism behind the measles rash?

A

It is due to T-cell immunity attacking infected small blood vessels.

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9
Q

What are the acute complications of measles?

A

Bronchopneumonia, Encephalitis, Otitis media, UTI, and Photophobia.

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10
Q

What is SSPE, and when does it occur?

A

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)—a fatal neurological sequela occurring 7–10 years later.

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11
Q

What laboratory tests are used to diagnose measles?

A

ELISA (antibodies), PCR (viral RNA), and Immunofluorescence Antigen Detection.

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12
Q

What are the components of the MMR vaccine?

A

Live attenuated measles virus (Schwartz and Moraten B strains).

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13
Q

What is the vaccination schedule for the MMR vaccine?

A

1st dose at 18 months, 2nd dose at 6 years.

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14
Q

How does vitamin A help in measles management?

A

Reduces complications such as pneumonia and blindness.

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15
Q

Why are immunocompromised patients at higher risk in measles?

A

Due to suppressed cell-mediated immunity, leading to opportunistic infections.

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16
Q

What is the primary receptor used by the measles virus?

A

CD46 (nucleated cells), CD150 (B/T cells), and Nectin-4 (epithelial cells).

17
Q

Why is cell-mediated immunity important in measles?

A

It limits viral replication and prevents severe disease spread.

18
Q

What is the morphology of the measles virus?

A

HA-only morphology for attachment to host cells.

19
Q

What are Koplik’s spots?

A

White lesions with red halos found inside the cheeks during the prodromal phase.

20
Q

What is the role of the RNA polymerase in the measles virus replication?

A

It facilitates replication of the viral RNA in the host cell.

21
Q

What is the most contagious period of measles?

A

Measles is most contagious 4 days before and 4 days after the rash appears.

22
Q

How is measles co-infection with HIV unique?

A

Measles co-infection with HIV is not associated with enanthema or exanthema.

23
Q

What atypical presentation may occur in immunocompromised patients with measles?

A

Measles pneumonia without rash may occur in immunocompromised patients.

24
Q

What is SSPE, and when does it occur?

A

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a fatal complication occurring 7–10 years after infection.

25
Q

How does measles virus replicate inside host cells?

A

Measles virus uses HA to bind host cell receptors, and F-protein facilitates membrane fusion. RNA polymerase drives replication and translation within the host cell.

26
Q

What receptors does the measles virus use to infect host cells?

A

CD46 (nucleated cells), CD150 (B/T cells), and Nectin-4 (epithelial cells).

27
Q

How does the measles virus spread systemically after initial infection?

A

The virus spreads via viremia from the respiratory tract to lymph nodes and other organs.

28
Q

What causes the rash seen in measles?

A

Rash is due to T-cell immunity targeting infected small blood vessels.

29
Q

What are the components of the MMR vaccine?

A

The MMR vaccine includes live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses.

30
Q

What strains of the virus are used in the MMR vaccine?

A

Schwartz and Moraten B strains are used in the MMR vaccine.

31
Q

What role does vitamin A play in measles management?

A

Vitamin A reduces morbidity and complications like pneumonia and blindness.

32
Q

What histological findings are characteristic of measles infection?

A

Nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and cytopathic effects (CPE) are characteristic histological findings.

Micro RNA (12 decks)

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