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Digestive > 3B Physiology of the Liver > Flashcards

3B Physiology of the Liver Flashcards

1
Q

How much glycogen can liver cells store as a percentage of liver weight?

A

8% of liver cell weight 100-120g in adult

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2
Q

Where does aa degradation occur almost entirely?

A

Liver

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3
Q

What two enzymes are required for deamination in the liver?

A

AST and ALT, which are measure in blood to assess liver function

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4
Q

Where is essentially all urea synthesized in the blood?

A

Liver

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5
Q

What is a hepatic come or hepatic encephalopathy?

A

In serious liver disease, ammonia often accumulate in the blood

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6
Q

Where is urea excreted?

A

Kidneys

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7
Q

What is azotemia or uremia?

A

Toxic build up of urea in blood

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8
Q

What can cause an elevated BUN?

A

Impaired renal function, increased protein intake or catabolism, GI bleeding, dehydration

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9
Q

What is HMG-CoA-reductase?

A

important enzyme in liver hepatocytes required for endogenous cholesterol synthesis

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10
Q

What is the only way for the body to eliminate excess cholesterol?

A

Via bile

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11
Q

When does ketogenesis occur primarily?

A

Fasting states or poorly controlled type 1 diabetes

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12
Q

How does ketogenesis affect the pH of blood?

A

Lower pH (more acidic)

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13
Q

Does the liver degrade steroid hormones and T3 and T4?

A

Yes, sir!

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14
Q

What is hemachromatosis?

A

To much Fe+2 that begins to deposit in tissues

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15
Q

What does gastroferrin do?

A

Makes Fe+2 more soluble and transports it to the small intestine where it is released for absorption

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16
Q

What is transferrrin? Apoferritin? Ferritin?

A

Transferrin carries Fe+2 to liver. In liver apoferretin takes Fe+2 to make soluble and the Fe+2 and apoferretin complex is now called Ferritin. Ferritin is the stored form of Fe+2 in the liver

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17
Q

The liver stores large quantities of what vitamins?

A

A, B12, and D

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18
Q

What is the purpose of metabolizing drugs?

A

Make less active and more water soluble and thus readily excreted in urine and bile

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19
Q

Where are Cytochrome P450 enzymes most predominant?

A

Liver, intestines, lungs and other organs

20
Q

What are conjugation reactions designed to do?

A

Make metabolites more polar or hydrophilic, sometimes after they have been created by P450 enzymes

21
Q

What is the most common and most important conjugation reaction?

A

Glucuronidation

22
Q

What is CP450 inhibition?

A

Decreased metabolic activity of CP450 enzymes leading to decreased metabolism of drugs

23
Q

What is CP450 induction?

A

Increased metabolic activity of CP450 enzymes leading to increased metabolism of drugs

24
Q

What stimulates Vitamin D activation in the liver?

A

PTH

25
Q

What are the major types of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

26
Q

Which plasma proteins are completely formed in the liver? Which one is 50-80% formed in the liver?

A

Albumin and fibrinogen. Globulin is 50-80% formed in the liver

27
Q

Which blood clotting factors are synthesized in the liver?

A

All but III, IV and XIII

28
Q

What is the composition of bile?

A

50% bile salts
40% phospholipids
4% cholesterol
2% bile pigments such as bilirubin

29
Q

Does bile contain water?

A

Yes and electrolytes, these are secreted by cells lining the bile ducts

30
Q

What are the two primary bile acids? Where are they synthesized?

A

Cholic acid and chenodeocycholic acid. Synthesized in the hepocytes

31
Q

What converts a portion of the primary bile acids into secondary bile acids? What is the name of the secondary bile acids?

A

Intestinal bacteria does the conversion. Secondary bile acids are called deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid

32
Q

The liver conjugates bile acids with what two possible amino acids to form bile salts?

A

Glycine or taurine

33
Q

What does the conjugation of bile acids w/ glycine or taurine do?

A

Makes the bile acids amphipathic at duodenal pH

34
Q

What is the most common phospholipid found in bile?

A

Lecithin

35
Q

Are phospholipids amphipathic?

A

Yes, sir!

36
Q

The majority of cholesterol breakdown in the body is turned into what in the liver?

A

Bile

37
Q

How much cholesterol is converted into bile acids and eliminated daily?

A

500 mg

38
Q

What is the waste product of Hb degradation?

A

Bilirubin

39
Q

What does conjugation of bilirubin involve? What enzyme is needed?

A

Attachmen of glucuronic acid to bilirubin.

Glucuronyl transferase

40
Q

Which type of bilirubin is more water soluble?

A

Conjugated bilirubin

41
Q

What cells secrete ions and water into the bile?

A

Ithelial cells lining the bile ducts

42
Q

What are other waste products that go into the bile?

A

Lipolithic drugs and metabolites, antigen-antibody complexes

43
Q

What are the three steps for formation of bile?

A

Secretion of bile into bile canals (canaliculi).
Intrahepatic ducts secrete water bicarb rich fluid.
B/w meals about 1/2 of hepatic bile is diverted to the gall bladder, which stores bile and removes salts and water

44
Q

What volume to the first two steps of bile formation produce?

A

Around 900 mL/day or so called “hepatic bile”

45
Q

What is the result of diverting bile to the gall bladder?

A

Gall bladder concentrates the key remaining solutes - bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol and lecithin by 10-20 fold

46
Q

During meals the bile that reachs the duodenum is relatively what?

A

Dilute hepatic bile and concentrated gall bladder bile

47
Q

What are the two important functions of bile?

A

Provides sole excretion route for many solutes that are not excreted by the kidneys.
Secreted bile salts and lecithin are required for normal lipid digestion and absorption in small intestine

Digestive (15 decks)

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