3A Transition Metals Flashcards
Hybridization of atomic orbitals based on
Orbital theory
Hybridization of atomic orbitals in relation to VBT
Expansion of valence bond theory
LCAO
Linear combination of atomic orbitals
What AOs can be hybridized
Only atomic orbitals on the same atom
x AOs =
x hybrid AOs
An electrostatic model that predicts that the d orbitals in a metal complex are not degenerate
Crystal field theory
The pattern of splitting of the d orbitals depends on
The crystal field
Crystal field determined by
Arrangement and type of ligands
Δoct for high spin
< P
Δoct for low spin
> P
Square planar is ___ favorable
Electronically for d8 configurations
Tetrahedral is ____ favorable
Sterically
Attraction between positive metal ion and negative ligand
Electrostatic model
Electrostatic has repulsion between…
Metal d electrons and negative ligand charge
Why is there repulsion in electrostatic
Ligand field changes d orbital energies making them no longer degenerate and inducing splitting
Needed to understand geometry
VB theory
Needed to explain covalency
MO Theory
Geometrical distortion of compounds caused by unequal occupation of degenerate orbitals
Jahn Teller effect
JT says that decreasing molecular symmetry ___ energy of occupied orbitals and ___ energy of unoccupied
Lowers, increases
What type of symmetry stabilizes compounds
Lower symmetry
CFT OR LFT: Based on VB theory and ionic thinking
CFT
CFT OR LFT: Says ligands are negative electrostatic point charges
CFT
CFT OR LFT: Repulsion between d electrons and ligands
CFt
CFT OR LFT: Only considers d orbitals
CFt
CTT OR LFT: Applies MO theory (Bond: AO to MO)
LFT
CFT OR LFT: Ligand orbitals are combined with metal orbitals
LFt
CFT OR LFT: Electron sharing
LFT
CFT OR LFT: Considers metal s, p, and d orbitals
LFT
Which is more precise and complex: CFT or LFT
LFT
SALC of AO to MO
Symmetry adapted linear combination of atomic orbitals to molecular orbitals
Order of increasing Δo
π donor, weak π donor, no π effects, π acceptor
Ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom in a coordination complex
Ligand
Ligand binding typically occurs through
Electron donor atoms with lone pairs
In some cases ligands bind to central atoms through
Electron acceptor atoms with empty valence orbitsls
Organometallic compounds include
C metal bond
Method A of counting electrons in a complex: ionic or donor pair method
X is an ionic, donates 2e. L is neutral, donates 2e. Z accepts 2e
Method B of counting electrons: Covalent or neutral ligand method
X is neutral, donates 1E. L is neutral, donates 2e. Z is neutral, accepts 2e
Denticity means that
Ligands with multiple donor atoms can form multiple bonds and have multiple possible binding modes
Monodentate K1
Binding through one donor stom
Bi/didentate K2
Binding through two donor atoms
Hapticity means that
Coordination of a ligand to a coordination center via an uninterrupted and contiguous series of atoms
Two hapto η2
Binding through two contiguous atoms
Bridging
Ligand with multiple donor atoms or donor atom with multiple lone pairs that connects multiple coordination centers
μ
Bridging two centers
μ3
Bridging three centers
Complex with more unpaired electrons
High spin
Which complex is more magnetic
High spin
Which complex has stronger colors and why
Low spin because of electronic transitions
Strong field ligands act as…
Lewis acids, donating electron pairs to both ground and excited states
How many VE does octahedral usually have
18
How many VE does square planar usually have
16
When is Jahn Teller distortion not likely to happen
When the occupation of orbitals is equal to
What d electron count favors square planar
d8
Why is tetrahedral more likely to be paramagnetic
Generally has weaker splitting because ligands further apart increasing the number of unpaired electrons
Is square planar usually high or low spin
Low because stronger splitting and more pairing
Square planar diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
Usually diamagnetic because stronger splitting leads to more electron pairing because it is low spin
How is helium generated in the earths crust
Radioactive decay of heavy metals producing alpha particles
Only known molecular compound of krypton that can be isolated
KrF2
When is something likely to be redox active
When there are multiple oxidation states available
A ligand that is charged is probably an
X type
A ligand that is neutral is probably an
L type
oxidation of hard metals
high oxidation, probably 1st row transition
soft metals have ___ oxidation
low oxidation, probably 2nd and 3rd row transitions
a transition metal in a complex has all of its valence electrons in
d orbitals
