3a. Second War Of Indepedance Flashcards
When was the national society founded
1857
Who was the national society founded by
Group of exited living in Piedmont including Giuseppe La Farina and Danielle Manin
How many members did the National society have by 1857
8000
How many volunteers did the National society provide for Cavour against Austria
20,000
Why did the National society suit Cavour/ why did he allow it to grow
Their type of nationalism was conservative/ was pragmatic rather than radical and ideological/ limited to concept of northern unification/ their nationalism became associated with political stability which Garabaldis wasn’t
What did the National society use their networks for
Nationalistic Propaganda and promotion
What were the aims of the National society
Promote the cause of national unity within Piedmont/ encourage nationalism along peninsula to accept Piedmont rule
What did Cavour want in terms of nationalism
A United northern Italian state, economically powerful and free from Austrian dominance
What was the name of the newspaper circulated by the National society
Il Piccola Corriere D’Italia
How many copies of Il Piccola Corriere D’Italia were circulating by the late 1850’s
4,000
What was the means through which the national society promoted nationalism
Pamphlets/ newspapers/ posters/ “modern” methods of persuasion/ handed pamphlets out publicly
What were the national society’s pamphlets printed in batches of
Bathes of 3000+ and distributed
Who said that “through their publishing activities, the national society played a crucial part in creating a common nationalistic outlook amongst its members”
Lucy Rial in her Bibliography of Garabaldi (2007)
What influence did the national society have on the middle class
Made concept of nationalism respectable and fashionable
Why did the national society also appeal to mazzinians
Were even prepared to rally behind the Piedmontese monarchy as a means of promoting an Italian nation state
Why was the national society a turning point for nationalism
New nationalism/before this it had been for a unified state and now this pushed for just northern
Why did Napoleon take up the nationalistic cause
Draw diplomatic profit/ further dynastic ambitions/ replace Austrian dominance/ French imperialist/ gain client state
What did elections in May 1857 show in France
Napoleon was becoming increasingly unpopular
What is the critical view of why Napoleon got involved in Italy
Felt he could gain support back home through successful foreign policy in Italy
What was napoleons view of a unified Italy
Federation with the pope at its head
How was the congress of Paris significant for relations between France and Italy
Dialogue was maintained through intermediates Napoleons nephew (Jerome) and Cavours assistant/ Napoleon grateful for Piedmont help in Crimea/ built close working relationship
When was the congress of Paris
1856
What shows that Napoleon showed enthusiasm for the romantic notion of Italy Liberty
He supported the Rome uprising in 1831
When was the Orsini affair
14th January 1858
What was the Orsini affair
4 Italians attempt to assassinate Napoleon on the way to the opera
What did Orsini write in his prison letter that is said to have “sparked Napoleons consciousness into action”
“25 million citizens would follow him to prosperity”
How many people were killed and injured in the Orsini affair
Injured 50 and killed several
What is the assumption that Napoleon used the Orsini affair for
A romantic cover for furthering his ambitions
When was Plombiers
1858
What were the terms at plombieres
Kingdom of upper Italy/ central Italy/ Rome under pope and leads Italian confederacy/ Napoleon gets Nice and Savoy for 200,000/ Naples untouched/ Jerome marries princess Clotilde
Why did Napoleon want to leave Naples alone at Plombieres
Not anger bourbons who were allied to Russia
What was the name of VE daughter
Princess Clotilde
What did Plombieres show about Cavour’s nationalism
He was obviously not a nationalist in terms of a unified peninsula
How did Plombieres show Cavour as an opportunist
Willing to compromise to achieve northern liberty/ major diplomatic achievement for Cavour
What did Harry Hearder say
The creative mind behind the decisions reached at Plombiers as Cavours rather than Napoleons
What had Cavour learnt from 1848-1849
Piedmont could not dominate the northern without foreigners help to expel the Austrians
Why was giving away Nice harder to justify than giving away Savoy
Savoy- most spoke French
Nice- Italian dialect so Cavour was aware of the reaction nationalists would have
When did Piedmont mobilize troops on Austrian boarder
March 1859
When did the Austrian foreign minister announce Piedmont had 3 days to demobilize troops
23rd April 1859
When did Austria declare war on Piedmont and invade
29th April 1859
How many troops had Cavour promised to match Napoleons 200,000 with
100,000
What was the final number of the Piedmontese army
60,000
Why did Piedmont have a lack of troops
Reserves Cavour had hoped to mobilize did not exist
How did war stir unrest in the Duchies
In May, the National society engineered revolutions in Tuscany, Parma and Modena. Rulers fled and provisional governments set up
Who manipulated the uprisings in the central duchies in 1859
National society
When was there a popular demonstration and provisional gov set up in Florence
April 1859
Who created the provisional government in Florence April 1859
Baron Bettino Ricasoli
What did Ricasoli in Florence ask Piedmont for
Union
What happened in June 1859
Insurrection in the papal states
How did the national society show some conservatism in Bolgena
Piedmontese commissioners moved into restore the government after insurrection/ commissioners were members of NS
war with northern Italy was unpopular among European powers/ what did Prussia and Britain think
Prussia- sympathetic to Austria
Britain- PM and foreign secretary didn’t want war despite being sympathetic
Why were the British wary of the war with Austria and Italy being allied to France
Austrian domination would just be replaced with French
When was Victor Emmanuelas speech
12th December 1858
What did VE say in his speech
The threat “for while we respect treaties we are not insensitive to the cry of grief that reaches us from so many parts of Italy”
How did VE speech encourage nationalsim
Used the word Italy
